Co-digestion Of Olive Mill Wastewater and Swine Manure Using Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor for Biogas Production

Hassan Azaizeh, Jeries Jadoun

.

DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2010.24036                

Abstract

Swine wastewater (SW) and olive mill wastewater (OMW) are two problematic wastes that have become major causes of health and environmental concerns. The main objective of the current work was to evaluate the efficiency of the co-digestion strategy for treatment of SW and OMW mixtures. Mesophilic batch reac-tors fed with mixtures of SW and OMW showed that the two adapted sludges Gadot and Prigat exhibited the best COD removal capacity and biogas production; therefore both were selected to seed up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) continuous reactors. During 170 days of operation, both sludges Gadot and Prigat showed high biodegradation potential. The highest COD removal of 85-95% and biogas production of 0.55 L?g-1 COD were obtained at a mixture consisting of 33% OMW and 67% SW. Under these conditions, an organic load of 28,000 mg?L-1 COD was reduced to 1,500-3,500 mg?L-1. These results strongly suggest that co-digestion technology using UASB reactors is a highly reliable and promising technology for wastewater treatment and biogas production.

Keywords

Anaerobic Co-digestion, Olive Mill Waste Effluent, Swine Manure, Biogas, Mesophilic Tem-perature

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	I. Ballesteros, J. M. Oliva, F. Saez and M. Ballesteros, “Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Byproducts of Olive Oil Extraction,” Applied Biochemical Biotechnol-ogy, Vol. 91-93, No. 1-9, 2001, pp. 237-252.
[2]	M. Beccari, F. Bonemazzi, M. Majone and C. Riccardi, “Interactions between Acidogenesis and Methanogenesis in the Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Effluents,” Water Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1996, pp. 183-189.
[3]	I. Sabbah, T. Marsook and S. Basheer, “The Effect of Pre-treatment on Anaerobic Activity of Olive Mill Wastewater Using Batch and Continuous Systems,” Process Biochem-istry, Vol. 39, No. 12, October 2004, pp. 1947-1951.
[4]	R. Capasso, G. Cristinzio, A. Evidente and F. Scognam- iglio, “Isolation, Spectroscopy and Selective Phytotoxic Effects of Polyphenols from Vegetable Waste Waters,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 31, No. 12, December 1992, pp. 4125-4128.
[5]	M. Hamdi, “Future Prospects and Constraints of Olive Mill Wastewaters Use and Treatment: A Review,” Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 5-6, 1993, pp. 209-214.
[6]	M. Hamdi “Anaerobic Digestion of Olive Mill Wastewa-ters,” Process Biochemistry, Vo. 31, No. 2, 1996, pp. 105-110.
[7]	M. Bejarano, and L. Madrid, “Solubilization of Heavy Metals from a River Sediment by a Residue from Olive Oil Industry,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 13, 1992, pp. 979-985.
[8]	E. S. Aktas, S. Imre and L. Ersoy, “Characterization and Lime Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater,” Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 9, June 2001, pp. 2336-2340.
[9]	J. Beltran-Heredia, J. Torregrosa, J. Garcia, J. R. Domin- guez and J. C. Tierno, “Degradation of Olive Mill Wastewater by the Combination of Fenton’s Reagent and Ozonation Processes with an Aerobic Biological Treatment,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 5, 2001, pp. 103-108.
[10]	P. Longhi, B. Vodopivec and G. Fiori, “Electrochemical Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater,” Annali di chimica, Vol. 91, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 169-174.
[11]	A. M. Polcaro, M. Mascia, S. Palmas and A. Vacca, “Electrochemical Oxidation of P-hydroxybenzoic and Protocathecuic Acids at a Dimensional Stable Anode (DSA) in the Presence of NaCl,” Annali di chimica, Vol. 92, 2002, pp. 1015-1023, 2002.
[12]	S. Khoufi, H. Aouissaoui, M. Penninckx and S. Sayadi, “Application of Electro-Fenton Oxidation for the Detoxification of Olive Mill Wastewater Phenolic Compounds,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 49, No. 4, 2004, pp. 97-102.
[13]	R. Borja, A. Martin and A. Garrido, “Anaerobic Digestion of Black-Olive Wastewater,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 27-32, 1993.
[14]	G. N. Demirer, T. H. Erguder and E. Guven, “Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Wastes in Batch Digester,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 36, 2000, pp. 243-248.
[15]	F. Boubaker and B. C. Ridah, “Anaerobic Co-digestion of Olive Mill Wastewater with Olive Mill Solid Waste in a Tubular Digester at Mesophilic Temperature,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, No. 4, 2007, pp. 769-774.
[16]	S. Khoufi, F. Aloui, and S. Sayadi, “Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater by Combined Process Electro-Fenton Reaction and Anaerobic Digestion,” Water Research, Vol. 40, No. 10, June 2006, pp. 2007-2016.
[17]	K. V. Rajeshwari, M. Balakrishnan, A. Kansal, K. Lata and V. V. N. Kishore, “State-of-the-art of Anaerobic Digestion Technology for Industrial Wastewater Treatment,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2000, pp. 135-156.
[18]	G. Ubay and I. Ozturk, “Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Effluents,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 36, No. 2-3, 1997, pp. 287-294.
[19]	R. Andreozzi, G. Longo, M. Majone and G. Modeti, “Integrated Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Effluents (OME): Study of Ozonation Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion,” Water Research, Vol. 32, No. 8, August 1998, pp. 2357-2364.
[20]	I. W. Koster and A. Cramer, ”Inhibition of Methanogene- Sis from Acetate in Granular Sludge by Long-Chain Fatty Acids,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 53, No. 2, February 1987, pp. 403-409.
[21]	K. Hanaki, T. Matsuo and M. Nagase, “Mechanism of Inhibition Caused by Long Chain Fatty Acids in Anaerobic Digestion Process,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 23, No. 7, 1981, pp. 1591-1610.
[22]	F. Raposo, R. Borja, E. Sanchez, M.A. Martin and A. Martin, “Performance and Kinetic Evaluation of the Anaerobic Digestion of Two-Phase Olive Mill Effluents in Reactors with Suspended and Immobilized Biomass,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2004, pp. 2017-2026.
[23]	I. Sabbah, A. Yazbak, J. Haj, A. Saliba and S. Basheer, “Biomass Selection for Optimal Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 26, 2005, pp. 47-54.
[24]	L. Bertin, S. Berselli, F. Fava, M. Petrangeli-Papini and L. Marchetti, “Anaerobic Digestion of Olive Mill Wastewaters in Biofilm Reactors Packed with Granular Activated Carbon and ‘Manville’ Silica Beads,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 14-15, 2004, pp. 3167-3178.
[25]	R. Casa, A. D’Annibale, F. Pieruccetti, S. R. Stazi, G. Giovannozzi-Sermanni and B. Lo Casci, “Reduction of the Phenolic Components in Olive-Mill Wastewater by an Enzymatic Treatment and its Impact on Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Germinability,” Chemosphere, Vol. 50, No. 8, 2003, pp. 959-966.
[26]	R. Borja, J. Alba, S. E. Garrido, L. Martinez, M. P. Garcia, M. Monteoliva and A. Ramos-Cormenzana, “Effect of Aerobic Pretreatment with Aspergillus Terreus on the Anaerobic Digestion of Olive-Mill Wastewater,” Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, Vol. 22, 1995, pp. 233-246.
[27]	N. Vassilev, M. Fenice, F. Federici and R. Azcon, “Olive Mill Waste Water Treatment by Immobilized Cells of Aspergillus niger and its Enrichment with Soluble Phosphate,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 32, 1997, pp. 617-620.
[28]	P. Blanquez, G. Caminal, M. Sarra, M. T. Vicent and X. Gabarrell, “Olive Oil Mill Waste Waters Decoloration and Detoxification in a Bioreactor by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete Flavido-Alba,” Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 18, 2002, pp. 660-662.
[29]	M. S. Fountoulakis, S. N. Dokianakis, M. E. Kornaros, G. G. Aggelis and G. Lyberatos, “Removal of Phenolics in Olive Mill Wastewaters Using the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus,” Water Research, Vol. 36, 2002, pp. 4735-4744.
[30]	A. Tsioulpas, D. Dimou, D. Iconomou and G. Aggelis, “Phenolic Removal in Olive Oil Mill Wastewater by Strains of Pleurotus Spp. in Respect to their Phenol Oxi-dase (laccase) Activity,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 84, 2002, pp. 251-257.
[31]	G. Aggelis, D. Iconomou, M. Christou, D. Bokas, S. Kotzailias, G. Christou, V. Tsagou and S. Papanikolao, “Phenolic removal in a Model Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Using Pleurotus Ostreatus in Bioreactor Cultures and Biological Evaluation of the Process,” Water Research, Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 3897-3904.
[32]	A. Dhouib, M. Ellouz, F. Aloui and S. Sayadi, “Effect of Bioaugmentation of Activated Sludge with White-Rot Fungi on Olive Mill Wastewater Detoxification,” Letters of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 42, 2006, pp. 405-411.
[33]	G. Pinto, A. Pollio, L. Previtera, M. Stanzione and F. Temussi, “Removal of Low Molecular Weight Phenols from Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Using Microalgae,” Biotechnolgy Letters, Vol. 25, 2003, pp. 1657-1659.
[34]	F. Alatriste-Mondragon, P. Samar, H. H. Cox, B. K. Ahring and R. Iranpour, “Anaerobic Co-digestion of Municipal, Farm, and Industrial Organic Wastes: A Survey of Recent Literature,” Water Environmental Research, Vol. 78, 2006, pp. 607-636.
[35]	B. S. Magbanua, T. T. Adams and P. Johnston, “Anaerobic Co-digestion of Hog and Poultry Waste,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 76, 2001, pp. 165-168.
[36]	P. Kaparaju, S. Luostarinen, E. Kalmari, J. Kalmari and J. Rintala, “Co-digestion of Energy Crops and Industrial Confectionery Byproducts with Cow Manure: Batch-Scale and Farm-Scale Evaluation,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 45, 2002, pp. 275-280.
[37]	H. N. Chinivasagam, R. J. Thomas, K. Casey, E. McGahan, E. A. Gardner, M. Rafiee and P. J. Blackall, “Microbiological Status of Piggery Effluent from 13 Piggeries in the South East Queensland Region of Australia,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 97, No. 5, 2004, pp. 883-891.
[38]	I. Phillips, M. Casewell, T. Cox, B. De Groot, C. Friis, R. Jones, C. Nightingale, R. Preston and J. Waddell, “Does the Use of Antibiotics in Food Animals Pose a Risk to Human Health? A Critical Review of Published Data,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 53, 2004, pp. 28-52.
[39]	N. T. Malintan and M. A. Mohd, “Determination of Sulfonamides in Selected Malaysian Swine Wastewater by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatogrphy, Vol. 1127, No. 1-2, September 2006, pp. 154-160.
[40]	R. F. Spalding and M. E. Exner, “Occurrence of Nitrate in Groundwater: A Review,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 22, 1993, pp. 392-402.
[41]	T. Y. Guan and R. A. Holley, “Pathogen Survival in swine manure environments and transmission of Human Enteric Illness: A Review,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 32, 2003, pp. 383-392.
[42]	H. N. Gavala, I. V. Skiadas, N. A. Bozinisn and G. Lyberatos, “Anaerobic Co-digestion of Agricultural Indus-tries Wastewaters,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 34, 1996, pp. 67-75.
[43]	G. Lyberatos, H. N. Gavala and A. Stamatelatou, “An Integrated Approach for Management of Agricultural Industries Wastewaters,” Nonlinear Analysis, Vol. 30, 1997, pp. 2341-2351.
[44]	I. Angelidaki, B. K. Ahring, H. Deng and J. E. Schmidt, “Anaerobic Digestion of Olive Oil Mill Effluents To-gether with Swine Manure in UASB Reactors,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 45, 2002, pp. 213-218.
[45]	A. S. Bal and N. N. Dhagat, “Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor: A Review,” Indian Journal of Environ-mental Health, Vol. 43, 2001, pp. 1-82.
[46]	I. P. Marques, “Anaerobic Digestion Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater for Effluent Reuse in Irrigation,” De-salination, Vol. 137, 2001, pp. 233-239.
[47]	M. C. Rand, A. E. Greenberg and M. J. Taras, “Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1975.
[48]	I. Angelidaki and B. K. Ahring, “Co-digestion of Oil Mill Wastewaters Together with Manure, Household Waste or Sewage Sludge,” Biodegradation, Vol. 8, 1997, pp. 221-226.
[49]	Angelidaki and B. K. Ahring, “Modeling Anaerobic Co-di-gestion of Manure with Olive Oil Mill Effluent,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 36, 1997, pp. 263-270.
[50]	M. Beccari, G. Carucci, A. M. Lanz, M. Majone and M. Petrangeli-Papini, “Removal of Molecular Weight Frac-tions of COD and Phenolic Compounds in an Integrated Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Effluents,” Biodegradation, Vol. 13, No. 6, December 2002, pp. 401-410.
[51]	M. Beccari, G. Carucci, M. Majone and L. Torrisi, “Role of Lipids and Phenolic Compounds in the Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Effluents,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 20, 1999, pp. 105-110.
[52]	R. Boopathy, “Anaerobic Phenol Degradation by Micro-organisms of Swine Manure,” Current Microbiology, Vol. 35, 1997, pp. 64-67.