Physicochemical and Biochemical Composition of Balanites aegyptiaca Seed and Seed Oil from Burkina Faso

Patrice Bazongo¹, Lassané Ouédraogo^2,3*, Pingdwindé Marie Judith Samadoulougou-Kafando³, Martin Kiendrebeogo⁴, Nicolas Barro¹

¹Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire d’Epidemiologie et de Surveillance des Bacteries et Virus transmis par les aliments et l’eau (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
²Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/Laboratoire de l’Environnement et des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, Agroforestiers et Aquatiques (LaboEcoFAA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
³Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST)/Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT)/Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies des Aliments et Nutrition (LabSTAN), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
⁴Laboratoire de Biochimie & Chimie Appliquées, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2023.1412075                

Abstract

In Burkina Faso, the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca have been considered to be potentially high lipid, protein and mineral sources but seem to be neglected and sometimes unknown by communities. This study aims to complete data on seed oil and detail on amino acids and minerals composition of the seed of B. aegyptiaca for better use. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture and ash content, saponification index, iodine, acid value, peroxide value and the melting point were determined. Seed oil triglycerides, fatty acids and amino acids have been estimated throughout this study. The moisture and ash content were 3.70% ± 0.1% and 2.90% ± 0.2%, respectively. The saponification and iodine values were respectively 181.96 ± 0.4 mg KOH/g of oil and 104.86 ± 0.6 g of iodine/100 g of oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content (50.94%) was the most important. Triglyceride (LLO, 22.4%) was the major triglyceride. 9 essential amino acids and 9 non-essential amino acids were identified. Phenylalanine (11697.82 ± 0.00 mg/kg) was the most important essential amino acid. The content of 21 minerals was determined and the most important was potassium (9323.13 ± 0.01 mg/kg). Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/Mg and Na/K ratios were 0.34; 1.18; 0.04 and 0.19 respectively. B. aegyptiaca seed oil is a source of multiple nutritional values and can be used by the population for multipurpose.

Keywords

Seed, Seed Oil, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, Minerals, Balanites aegyptiaca, Burkina Faso

Table 1. Gradient elution.

Table 2. Physicochemical composition of B. aegyptiaca seed.

Table 3. Physicochemical parameter of B. aegyptiaca seed oil.

Table 4. B. aegyptiaca composition in fatty acids in seed oil.

Table 5. Triglycerides profile of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil.

Table 6. Amino acid profile of B. aegyptiaca seed.

Table 7. Mineral profile of B. aegyptiaca seed.

1. 1. Merrien, A., Carre, P. and Quinsac, A. (2012) Des ressources oléagineuses variées potentiellement au service du développement de la chimie verte. OCL, 19, 6-9. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2012.0425


2. 2. Ouédraogo, S., Bondé, L., Ouédraogo, O., Thiombiano, A., Boussim, I.J., Ouédraogo, S., et al. (2020) To What Extent Do Tree Size , Climate and Land Use Influence the Fruit Production of Balanites aegyptiaca ( L ) Delile in Tropical Areas (Burkina Faso)? International Journal of Fruit Science, 20, 282-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1619216


3. 3. Okia, C.A. (2010) Balanites aegyptiaca: A Resource for Improving Nutrition and Income of Dryland Communities in Uganda. Ph.D. Thesis, Bangor University, Bangor.


4. 4. Beka, R.G., Guiama, V.D., Delmont, A., Donn, P., Slomianny, M., Libouga, D.G., et al. (2011) Glycosyl Part Identified within Balanites aegyptiaca Fruit Protease. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 49, 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.019


5. 5. Mohamed, A.M. and Wolf, W. (2002) Physical, Morphological and Chemical Characteristics, Oil Recovery and Fatty Acid Composition of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Kernels. Plants Foods for Human Nutrition, 57, 179-189.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015237612018


6. 6. Bazongo, P., Henri, I., Bassole, N., Nielsen, S., Dick,o M.H. and Shukla, V.K.S. (2014) Studies in the Evaluation of Unconventional Oils from Burkina Faso Rich in Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid or Other Unusual Fatty Acids. Journal of Food Processing and Technology, 5, 2-5.


7. 7. Deshmukh, S.J.A. and Bhuyar, L.B. (2009) Transesterified Hingan (Balanites) Oil as a Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 108-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.04.017


8. 8. Datti, Y., Yahya, A.T., Koki, I.B., Lado, U.A., Musbahu, L., Shuaibu, M.M., et al. (2020) Determination of the Proximate and Mineral Contents of Desert Date Kernel (Balanites aegyptiaca Linn.) and the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Kernel Oil Available in Kano State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 4, 250-259. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-217


9. 9. Chapagain, B.P., Yehoshua, Y. and Wiesman, Z. (2009) Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca) as an Arid Lands Sustainable Bioresource for Biodiesel. Bioresource and Technology, 100, 1221-1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.005


10. 10. Beit-yannai, E., Ben-Shabat, S., Goldschmidt, N. and Chapagain, B.P. (2011) Antiproliferative Activity of Steroidal Saponins from Balanites aegyptiaca—An in vitro Study. Phytochemistry, 4, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2010.11.004


11. 11. Nitiema, L.W., Sombié, P.A.E.D., Koala, M. and Del Fiore, A. (2020) Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Balanites aegyptiaca, Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis Used against Seed-Borne Fungi in Burkina Faso. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i130483


12. 12. Ali, A.E., Mohammed, B., Abd, H., Mahmoud, A., Omer, I., Malik, M., et al. (2021) Biochemical Properties and Nutritional Value of Balanites aegyptiaca (Laloub) Seed Oil. EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 3, 100-103.


13. 13. Elbadawi, S.M.A., Ahmad, E.E.M., Mariod, A.A. and Mathaus, B. (2017) Effects of Thermal Processing on Physicochemical Properties and Oxidative Stabilities of Balanities aegyptiaca Kernels and Extracted Oils. Grasas Y Aceites, 68, e184. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1048162


14. 14. Murthy, H.N., Yadav, G.G., Dewir, Y.H. and Ibrahim, A. (2021) Phytochemicals and Biological Activity of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile). Plants, 10, Article 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010032


15. 15. Ouédraogo, A. and Lykke, A.M. (2013) Potentials for Promoting Oil Products Identified from Traditional Knowledge of Native Trees in Burkina Faso. Ethnobotanical Ressources and Applications, 11, 71-83.


16. 16. Horwitz, W. (2002) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th edition, AOAC International, Gaithersburg.


17. 17. Kjeldahl, J. (1983) A New Method for the Determination of Nitrogen in Organic Matter. Zitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 22, 366-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338151


18. 18. Yeo, H., Youn, K., Kim, M., Yun, E., Hwang, J., Jeong, W., et al. (2013) Fatty Acid Composition and Volatile Constituents of Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 18, 150-156. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2013.18.2.150


19. 19. American Oil Chemist’s Society (1998) Official Methods and Recommended Practice of the American Oil Chemist’s Society. 5th Edition, American Oil Chemist’s Society, Champaign.


20. 20. Bazongo, P., Bassolé, I.H.N., Nielsen, S., Hilou, A., Dicko, M.H. and Shukla, V.K.S. (2014) Characteristics, Composition and Oxidative Stability of Lannea microcarpa Seed and Seed Oil. Molecules, 19, 2684-2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19022684

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

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[18]	Yeo, H., Youn, K., Kim, M., Yun, E., Hwang, J., Jeong, W., et al. (2013) Fatty Acid Composition and Volatile Constituents of Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 18, 150-156. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2013.18.2.150
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