The Utilization of the Generating Function Technique in the Discovery of Solutions for the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equation System

Robert Lloyd Jackson

Independent Researcher, Stilwell, KS, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2022.121005                

Abstract

The derivation of solutions to the Navier-Stokes (system of) equations (NSEs), in three spatial dimensions, has been an enigma as time can tell. This study wishes to show how to eradicate this problem via the usage of a recently proposed method for solving partial differential equations called the Generating Function Technique, or GFT for short. The paper will first quickly define the NSEs with and without an external force, then provide a quick synopsis of the GFT. Next, the study will derive solutions to these two major problems and give an analysis of the data concerning a specific set of criteria established by the Clay Mathematics Institute to determine the smoothness and existence of solutions. Results via GFT will show one can easily prove the existence of solutions to the NSEs with or without the presence of an external force. However, only the solutions to the NSEs will be globally bound.

Keywords

Physics and Mathematics, Fluid Mechanics, Partial Differential Equations

1. Introduction

The motion of viscous fluids is depicted through Euler and Navier-Stokes equations (NSEs) [1]. The equations come from applying Newton’s second law of motion to viscous fluids [2]. The comparisons are significant in many fields associated with physics.

Mathematicians considered the NSEs attractive since they possess many unresolved features. For instance, the Clay Mathematics Institute created a one-million-dollar prize if an individual can prove some of the elements in the very early parts of the twentieth century [1]. The educational organization wanted to know whether solutions existed for certain conditions (i.e., the kinetic energy of a fluid substance should never exceed a particular value). Also, it wanted to know if these solutions maintained their smoothness and continuous nature at all points under an infinite number of differentiations. In other words, were the solutions $C^{\infty }$ functions.

In the past, individuals in mathematical physics used many numerical analysis methods to find solutions to the NSEs. For instance, Alexandre Joe Chorin et al., (1968) implemented the finite difference method to discover NSEs solutions [3]. Bristeau and associates (et al., 1987) derived solutions for compressible and incompressible fluids in the NSEs via multiple numerical methods [4]. In 2003, Yinnian utilized a more sophisticated version of the finite element approach to unveil solutions to the NSEs [5]. Even though numerical analyses usage involved the rapid acquisition of solutions to the NSEs, they suffered from various drawbacks [6].

The content of this study is distributed into four additional sections. First, it provides a terse description of the NSEs and GFT in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. GFT is a means to derive exact solutions for (nonlinear) partial differential equations; thus, it should not suffer from the same shortcomings of numerical analyses [7]. Next, it finds solutions to the NSEs with or without an external force via GFT in Section 4. Then, it sees if the exact solutions satisfied some of the criteria, such as smoothness and existence, established by the Clay Mathematics Institute in subsection 4.2. Finally, it gives a synopsis of the paper findings in Section 5.

2. A Short Synopsis on the NSEs and Its Relevant Vector Fields

The NSEs are a group of nonlinear PDEs involving vector fields [1] [8]. The three equations are defined as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\left(v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\cdot \nabla \right)v\left(x,y,z,t\right)+{\partial }_{t}v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\\ =f\left(x,y,z,t\right)-\frac{\nabla p\left(x,y,z,t\right)}{\rho }+v\text{Δ}v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\left(\left(x,y,z\right)\in {ℝ}^3,t\ge \left[0,\infty \right)\right)\end{array}$ (2.1)

and

$\nabla \cdot v\left(x,y,z,t\right)=0\left(\left(x,y,z\right)\in {ℝ}^3,t\ge \left[0,\infty \right)\right),$ (2.2)

$v_0\left(x,y,z\right)=v\left(x,y,z,0\right)\left(\left(x,y,z\right)\in {ℝ}^3\right),$ (2.3)

where vector field $v$ is the velocity profile of the incompressible homogenous fluid, vector field $f$ is an external force, function p is the internal pressure, coefficient ρ is the density of the fluid, and coefficient v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The two vector fields $v$ and $f$ are defined as:

$v\left(x,y,z,t\right)=\left\{v_x\left(x,y,z,t\right),v_y\left(x,y,z,t\right),v_z\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right\},$ (2.4)

and

$f\left(x,y,z,t\right)=\left\{f_x\left(x,y,z,t\right),f_y\left(x,y,z,t\right),f_z\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right\},$ (2.5)

respectively. Focus of the above equations will be limited to the following:

$\left|v_0^{\left(a_1,a_2,a_3\right)}\left(x,y,z\right)\right|=C^{K{a}_1{a}_2{a}_3}{\left(x+y+z+1\right)}^{-K},$ (2.6)

and

$\left|f^{\left(a_1,a_2,a_3,m\right)}\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right|=C^{mK{a}_1{a}_2{a}_3}{\left(t+x+y+z+1\right)}^{-K}.$ (2.7)

3. Application of GFT

GFT is a method for solving [non]linear PDEs via the usage of a general solution u_g that is comprised of [truncated] Laurent series sets of combinatorial number or trigonometric-based generating functions [7]. First, it requires an individual to determine the maximal and minimal power degree, p_s, through which the Laurent series is cut short. Then, one must solve a linear auxiliary/characteristic ordinary differential equation to obtain a function $\varphi$ that is used in the transformed general solution U_g for the principle nonlinear PDE that is in question. The transformed general solution U_g can take the following form:

$U\left(\xi \right)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{{\displaystyle \sum }}}\underset{j=-p_s}{\overset{p_s}{{\displaystyle \sum }}}\left(a_{ij}{\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{\infty }{{\displaystyle \sum }}}2S_k{\left(0\right)}^i\varphi {\left(\xi \right)}^k\right)}^j+b_{ij}{\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{\infty }{{\displaystyle \sum }}}2C_k{\left(0\right)}^i\varphi {\left(\xi \right)}^k\right)}^j\right),$ (3.1)

where the expression S_k(0) is the square root of the k-th Fibonacci number at/ about zero, or

$S_k\left(0\right)=\sin \left(\frac{\pi k}{2}\right),$ (3.2)

the expression C_k(0) is the k-th Chebyshev U number at/about zero, or

$C_k\left(0\right)=\cos \left(\frac{\pi k}{2}\right),$ (3.3)

and the transformed variable $\xi$ for a (3 + 1) [nonlinear] PDE is the transformed is simply defined as:

$\xi =\alpha t+{\beta }_{I}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z.$ (3.4)

Once the transformed general solution is established for the principle [nonlinear] PDE, the individual must transform the principal equation via ansatz and plug in the transformed general solution U_g. Using [exponential] terms found in the auxiliary solution $\varphi$, one can define a set of algebraic equations that are necessary for solving constants like a_ij, b_ij, α, β₁, β₂ and β₃ whenever possible. The transformed general solution U_g becomes the exact solution u_e to the principle [nonlinear] PDE after plugging in the constants described in the prior sentence.

4. Finding, Then Describing the Solutions to the NSEs (via GFT)

Mathematica^® was used to derive solutions to the NSEs with and without an external force. Both Mathematica^® spreadsheets for the two sets of problems were provided via both notebook and pdf format and located at the following link https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/13fD8t_i-jwz_J1QWUJM4dpa2kZkvnxFZ?usp=sharing. Thus, one can follow most of the work in this paper.

4.1. Derivation of Solutions for the NSEs with and without an External Force

Proposition 4.1.1. The general solution u_g of the GFT can be used to derive putative exact solutions of the velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p to NSEs with and without an external force $f$.

First, an individual must solve a particular order homogeneous auxiliary/characteristic ordinary differential equation like the following:

${\varphi }^{″}\left(\xi \right)-\varphi \left(\xi \right)=0,$ (4.1.1)

whose solution $\varphi$ is given as:

$\varphi \left(\xi \right)=c_1{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_2{\text{e}}^{-\xi }.$ (4.1.2)

Next, one determines the maximal and minimal power for truncation p_s, which is equal to the value of 1. Then using Equation (3.1), (s)he establishes the transformed general solutions for the internal pressure P and the vector fields $V$ and $F$, respectively:

$\begin{array}{c}P\left(\xi \right)=\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }c\left(1,-1\right)\left(-i{\text{e}}^f+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left(i{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}\\ -\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }c\left(2,-1\right)\left(-{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left({\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)},\end{array}$ (4.1.3)

$\begin{array}{c}{V}_x\left(\xi \right)=\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)\left(-i{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left(i{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^2\xi +c_2\right)}\\ -\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\left(-{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left({\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)},\end{array}$ (4.1.4)

$\begin{array}{c}{V}_y\left(\xi \right)=\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}2\left(1,-1\right)\left(-i{ϵ}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left(i{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}\\ -\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}2\left(2,-1\right)\left(-{\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left({\text{e}}^{\epsilon }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)},\end{array}$ (4.1.5)

$\begin{array}{c}{V}_z\left(\xi \right)=\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}3\left(1,-1\right)\left(-i{ϵ}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left(i{\text{e}}^{\epsilon }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}\\ -\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\xi }\text{a}3\left(2,-1\right)\left(-{ϵ}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)\left({\text{e}}^{\xi }+c_1{\text{e}}^{2\xi }+c_2\right)}{2\left(c_1{\text{e}}^2+c_2\right)},\end{array}$ (4.1.6)

$F_x\left(\xi \right)={\text{e}}^{-\xi }{\psi }_1,$ (4.1.7)

$F_y\left(\xi \right)={\text{e}}^{-\xi }{\psi }_2,$ (4.1.8)

and

$F_z\left(\xi \right)={\text{e}}^{-\xi }{\psi }_3.$ (4.1.9)

Note: the index j was limited to −1, all b_ij and d_ij coefficients were set to the value of zero to limit the computational cost for deriving the putative exact solutions. Also, parenthesis was used for indexing some coefficient. Finally, the external force $f$ involved a 3-dimensional Gaussian diffusion process.

The transformed NSEs with external force $f$ is defined as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}-F_x\left(\xi \right)+\frac{{\beta }_1{P}^{\prime }\left(\xi \right)}{\rho }+\alpha {V^{\prime }}_x\left(\xi \right)-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right){V^{″}}_x\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_1{V}_x\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_x\left(\xi \right)\\ +{\beta }_2{V}_y\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_x\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_3{V}_z\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_x\left(\xi \right)=0,\end{array}$ (4.1.10)

$\begin{array}{l}-F_y\left(\xi \right)+\frac{{\beta }_2{P}^{\prime }\left(\xi \right)}{\rho }+{\beta }_1{V}_x\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_y\left(\xi \right)+\alpha {V^{\prime }}_y\left(\xi \right)-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right){V^{″}}_y\left(\xi \right)\\ +{\beta }_2{V}_y\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_y\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_3{V}_z\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_y\left(\xi \right)=0,\end{array}$ (4.1.11)

$\begin{array}{l}-F_z\left(\xi \right)+\frac{{\beta }_3{P}^{\prime }\left(\xi \right)}{\rho }+{\beta }_1{V}_x\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_z\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_2{V}_y\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_z\left(\xi \right)+\alpha {V^{\prime }}_z\left(\xi \right)\\ -\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right){V^{″}}_z\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_3{V}_z\left(\xi \right){V^{\prime }}_z\left(\xi \right)=0,\end{array}$ (4.1.12)

and

${\beta }_1{V^{\prime }}_x\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_2{V^{\prime }}_y\left(\xi \right)+{\beta }_3{V^{\prime }}_z\left(\xi \right)=0.$ (4.1.13)

After plugging in the transformed general solutions into the above equations, one extracts a total of thirty-seven algebraic equations associated with $\langle {\text{e}}^{\xi }\rangle$. Then (s)he uses the algebraic equations to solve for constants whenever possible. One set of solved constants yields the following results for the velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p:

$\begin{array}{l}v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\\ =\{\frac{1}{2{\left({\beta }_1+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)}^2\nu }\left({\beta }_2^2\left(-{\psi }_1\right)+{\beta }_1{\beta }_2{\psi }_2+{\beta }_3\left({\beta }_1{\varphi }_3-{\beta }_3{\psi }_1\right)\right)\\ \times \text{exp}\left(-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t+{\beta }_1\left(-x\right)-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z\right)\\ \times \left(c_1^2\text{exp}\left(2\left(\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)vt+{\beta }_{1}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right)+1\right),\\ -\frac{1}{2{\left({\beta }_1+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)}^2\nu }\left({\beta }_1^2{\psi }_2-{\beta }_2{\beta }_1{\psi }_1+{\beta }_3\left({\beta }_3{\psi }_2-{\beta }_2{\psi }_3\right)\right)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\times \text{exp}\left(-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t+{\beta }_1\left(-x\right)-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z\right)\\ \times \left(c_1^2\exp \left(2\left(\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)vt+{\beta }_{1}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right)+1\right),\\ -\frac{1}{2{\left({\beta }_1+{\beta }_2+{\beta }_3\right)}^2\nu }\left(\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2\right){\psi }_3-{\beta }_3\left({\beta }_1{\psi }_1+{\beta }_2{\psi }_2\right)\right)\\ \times \text{exp}\left(-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t+{\beta }_1\left(-x\right)-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z\right)\\ \begin{array}{c}\stackrel{}{}\\ \underset{}{}\end{array}\times \left(c_1^2\text{exp}\left(2\left(\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t+{\beta }_{1}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right)+1\right)\}\end{array}$ (4.1.14)

and

$\begin{array}{l}p\left(x,y,z,t\right)\\ =-\frac{\rho \left({\beta }_1{\psi }_1+{\beta }_2{\psi }_2+{\beta }_3{\psi }_3\right)\text{exp}\left(-\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t+{\beta }_1\left(-x\right)-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z\right)}{{\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2}\end{array}$. (4.1.15)

The initial condition $v_0\left(x,y,z\right)$ can be derived from the putative exact solution of the velocity vector field $v$ by setting time t equal to zero or one must consider the Equation (2.3). Figure 1(a) and Figure 2(a) shows the integrated solution of the vector field $v$ features versus time. The integration of the above solutions and vector field external force $f$ is given in the supplementary material.

To produce solutions to the NSEs without an external force field, one performs the same steps but sets the vector field $f$ and the transformed vector field $F$ to {0, 0, 0}. (S)he still obtains thirty-seven algebraic equations associated with $\langle {\text{e}}^{\xi }\rangle$. Then (s)he uses the algebraic equations to solve for constants

Figure 1. The magnitude of the vector fields $v$ versus time. The above displays the magnitude of the fluid velocity |v| versus time t without an external force (a) or with an external force (b). The value r is the Euclidean distance from the origin given coordinates x, y, and z. Note: if and individual extends plot 1B up to time t = 100, then (s)he would see all magnitudes of the fluid velocity gradually increase over time.

whenever possible. One set of solved constants yields the following results for the velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p:

$\begin{array}{l}v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\\ =\{\frac{\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)+\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right){\text{e}}^{at+\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z}}{2c_2}\\ +\frac{1}{2}{c}_2\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)-\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right){\text{e}}^{-\alpha t-\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z},\\ \frac{1}{2\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}{c}_2}{\beta }_2{\text{e}}^{-\alpha t-\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z}\\ \times (c_2^2\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)-\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right)+\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)+\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right){}^{{}_{}{}^{}}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\times \exp \left(2\left(\alpha t+\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right)),\\ \frac{1}{2\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}{c}_2}{\beta }_3{\text{e}}^{-\alpha t-\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z}\\ \times (c_2^2\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)-\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right)+\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)+\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right){}^{{}_{}{}^{}}\\ \begin{array}{c}\stackrel{}{}\\ \underset{}{}\end{array}\times \exp \left(2\left(\alpha t+\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}x+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right))\}\end{array}$ (4.1.16)

and

$\begin{array}{l}p\left(x,y,z,t\right)\\ =-\frac{1}{2c_2\sqrt{-{\beta }_2-{\beta }_3^2}}\alpha \rho \text{exp}\left(x\left(-\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}\right)-\alpha t-{\beta }_{2}y-{\beta }_{3}z\right)\\ \times (c_2^2\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)-\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right)+\left(\text{a}1\left(1,-1\right)+\text{a}1\left(2,-1\right)\right){}^{{}^{}}\\ \times \text{exp}\left(2\left(x\sqrt{-{\beta }_2^2-{\beta }_3^2}+\alpha t+{\beta }_{2}y+{\beta }_{3}z\right)\right))\end{array}$ (4.1.17)

The initial condition $v_0\left(x,y,z\right)$ can be derived from the putative exact solution of the velocity vector field $v$ by setting time t equal to zero or one must consider the Equation (2.3). Figure 1(b) and Figure 2(b) shows the integrated solution of the vector field $v$ features versus time. The integration of the above solutions is given in the supplementary material.

4.2. The Assessment of Smoothness and the Existence of Both Sets of Solutions

Lemma 4.2.1. If $\left\{v\left(x,y,z,t\right),p\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right\}\in C^{\infty }\left(\left[0,\infty \right){ℝ}^3\right)$ must be satisfied for there to be exact solutions, then all GFT derived velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p for NSEs with and without external force $f$ are possibly valid solutions.

To ascertain the smoothness of the solutions, one must determine if the solutions are $C^{\infty }$ functions. A $C^{\infty }$ function is differentiable for all degrees of differentiation. Since this type of functions and all its derivatives lack corners, it is

Figure 2. 3D plots of the |v| along the x-direction and time t. The above figure shows a plot of the fluid velocity |v| versus time t along the x-direction for the NSEs without an external force (a) or with an external force (b). The value r is the 2D-Euclidean distance given y- and z-coordinates. Note: like Figure 1(b), an individual will see all magnitudes of the fluid velocity gradually increase over time for all x if (s)he extends plot 2B up to time t = 100.

considered smooth. Also, this type of function is considered continuous due to it and all its derivatives do not possess any abrupt/discontinuous jumps/drops in value to infinity in both directions. As one can see, both sets of velocity vector fields $v$ and the internal pressures p are linear combinations of $C^{\infty }$ functions (i.e. ${\text{e}}^{\pm ax}$ ) concerning time and 3D-space; therefore, they are likely $C^{\infty }$ functions themselves.

Lemma 4.2.2. If the kinetic energy for the system of NSEs solutions must be globally bound, then ONLY the GFT derived putative solutions of velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p for NSEs without external force $f$ are still valid.

To determine whether the set of solutions exists as defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute an individual must assess whether kinetic energy for a scenario is globally bound. This kinetic energy is less than or equal to some constant E and is the right side of the following equation:

$E\ge {\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }{\left|v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right|}^2\text{d}z\text{d}y\text{d}x}}},$ (4.2.1)

where the magnitude of the velocity vector field is defined as:

$\left|v\left(x,y,z,t\right)\right|=\sqrt{v_x{\left(x,y,z,t\right)}^2+v_y{\left(x,y,z,t\right)}^2+v_z{\left(x,y,z,t\right)}^2}.$ (4.2.2)

The kinetic energy for the NSEs without external force $f$ is zero while the kinetic energy for the NSEs with external force $f$ is either nonintegrable or can be represented by the following expression if the constant c₁ is set to zero:

$E\ngeqq \frac{\left({\beta }_1^2\left({\psi }_2^2+{\psi }_3^2\right)-2{\beta }_3{\beta }_1{\psi }_1{\psi }_3+{\beta }_3^2\left({\psi }_1^2+{\psi }_2^2\right)-2{\beta }_2{\psi }_2\left({\beta }_1{\psi }_1+{\beta }_3{\psi }_3\right)+{\beta }_2^2\left({\psi }_1^2+{\psi }_3^2\right)\right){\text{e}}^{-2\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)\nu t}}{32{\beta }_1{\beta }_2{\beta }_3{\left({\beta }_1^2+{\beta }_2^2+{\beta }_3^2\right)}^3{\nu }^2}.$ (4.2.3)

(Note: if the constants β₁, β₂ and β₃ are imaginary numbers, the right side of the above expression is likely to grow exponentially become greater than the constant E at some point in time.) This data suggests the kinetic energy for the NSEs without external force $f$ is globally bound. In contrast, the kinetic energy for the NSEs with external force $f$ is NOT globally bound.

Theorem 4.2.3. Via Clay Mathematics Institute criteria, GFT successfully derived solutions for the velocity vector field $v$ and internal pressure p for NSE without external force $f$ while the method failed to generate valid solutions for the vector field $v$ and internal pressure p for NSEs with external force $f$.

5. Conclusion

If an external force is lacking in the NSEs, the velocity vector field $v$ and the internal pressure p are both smooth and continuous or $C^{\infty }$ functions. Also, the kinetic energy of the velocity profile for this system is zero, which is less than some constant E; thus, the kinetic energy is globally bound for the system. In other words, both the Millennium prize criteria are satisfied. On the other hand, if the NSEs do possess an external force, the velocity vector field $v$ and the internal pressure p which are still both smooth and continuous, or $C^{\infty }$ functions. However, the kinetic energy of the velocity profile for this system can eventually obtain values higher than some constant E; therefore, the kinetic energy for this system is not globally bound. This individual data would suggest that only one of the criteria established by the Millennium prize can be met for NSEs with an external force $f$. In other words, via complementary logic, there are no velocity vector fields $v$, under an external force $f$, that can satisfy both criteria set by the Clay Mathematics Institute for such a system.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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