Assessment of Potential Ecotourism Site in Xaisomboun, Central Laos ()
1. Introduction
Laos is one of the richest biodiversity countries in the Southeast Asia. Its natural landscapes consist of spectacular limestone mountains, rainforests and large waterfalls, as well as unique local ethnic cultural and historical features (Phompila, Lewis, Ostendorf, & Clarke, 2017; Yongnou et al., 2019). These can offer a great opportunity for ecotourism development. The dense forests and attractive landscape are natural habitats for significant biodiversity including endangered plants and wild animals (Fujita & Phanvilay, 2008). About 50 percent of the country’s land area consists of 23 national and provincial biodiversity conservation areas (NBCAs) (Kim & Alounsavath, 2015). According to the Lao Statistics Bureau, there are almost nine hundred thousands of local ethnic people living in over 1200 villages within these NBCAs. Most of these people have relied heavily on existing natural resources for their nutrition and livelihoods. As a result, the natural forest resources have been under pressure and declining rapidly (Meyfroidt, Lambin, Erb, & Hertel, 2013; Phompila et al., 2017). Ecotourism is expected to be one of alternative solutions to sustain the nation’s natural forest resources and improve local livelihoods. It is expected to generate national revenue and create green jobs and livelihood opportunities for local communities, aligning with green economic growth. In 2009, there were about 2 million tourists in Laos, which contributed about 270 million US dollars totally to its national revenue (Schipani, 2011; Yamano et al., 2020). This figure was predicted to potentially increase in the coming years.
The key concept of the ecotourism development refers to the need of making a balance between environmental and economic aspects of protecting natural and ecological resources sustainably, while gaining social-economic development (Diamantis, 1999; Dimitriou, 2017; Simonekeo, 2015). However, if not planned and managed appropriately, it could lead a massive destruction of nature. There is a need to have accurate development and planning of ecotourism on the lands, in particular for local authorizes in Laos with limited technical capacities. Suitable site assessment is required to provide a guide on the land use and infrastructure decisions for ecotourism. This is a necessary for preserving the natural, cultural, and historical values of the suitable sites. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis is commonly used for the efficiency and quality of spatial data assessment for suitable ecotourism site selection. Several studies have been applied successfully worldwide (Taye et al., 2019; Çetinkaya, Kabak, Erbaş, & Özceylan, 2018; Nisa, 2017; Omarzadeh et al., 2021; Waswa Wanyonyi, Imwati, & Boitt, 2016).
As well understood, the ecotourism is one of the most attractive subsets of tourism industry which can contribute to natural resource preservation and livelihood development under proper management. The most stable solution in developing countries for developing ecotourism is through proper assessment, identification and prioritization of different areas with the capacity to support tourism within the counties and country at large, and then creating enabling environment through infrastructure creation. This is seriously missed in the ecotourism development at local and national development planning processes in Laos. This criteria and indicators GIS approach can be adopted to ensure the sustainable ecotourism development and planning.
The overall goal is to identify the potential sites for ecotourism in order to assist in the decision making of the concerned authorities to sustain the natural forest resources and environment of these attractions. We analyzed areas that can be promoted for inland recreational activities, beautiful ecological sceneries, historical tourism activity sites, as well as for multipurpose ecotourism development activities
Appropriate ecotourism planning is needed for sustainable ecotourism development in Laos especially by suggesting appropriate decision options on landscapes. This is the greatest benefit in terms of sustainable social-economic development, conservation of biodiversity and other ecosystem services. Thus, we focused on GIS applications for modelling and mapping of ecotourism. We selected a comprehensive set of seven factors describing biophysical characteristics to develop a model for choosing potential ecotourism sites. The resulting information can be useful for ecotourism development and planning, however a challenge for a decision maker is how to manage ecotourism in order to minimize the negative impacts.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
In this study, we focus on Xaisomboun province, a central of Laos (Figure 1). It is one of the newly established provinces in the center of the country, connecting four provinces from the North to the South. This region is rich in natural forest resources and biodiversity which can be attractive tourist destinations. This province is about 8300 square kilometers (3204.64 sq∙miles). Elevation range from about 200 to 2820 meters (the highest mountain is called Phou Bia). Due to its ruggedness, the province lacks significant human settlement.
Xaisomboun province has 599,570 hectares of forest areas, accounting for 73.74% of total land, including 32,260 hectares of provincial protected areas, 437,790 hectares of national protected forests and 129,520 hectares of other forests (Department of Forestry, 2018). It has a variety of forest cover types; mainly evergreen forests, deciduous forests, mixed forests, pine forests, wetlands and some croplands. Forests are largely distributed across the province, which are mostly mountainous. These areas are also hotspots of mining and prioritized development targets of the government.
This rugged and largely inaccessible area due to unique terrains which consists of important stream-rivers and reservoirs. It is a significant tributary of the Mekong. The Nam Ngum Dam, Laos’s largest hydroelectric project, impounds the Nam Ngum south of the province. This large reservoir is also a natural habitat to a wide variety of plant and aquatic species. There are also many streams
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Figure 1. The case study area’s geographical location (Xaisomboun province, a central of Laos). Source: all spatial data was collected from PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
such as Nam Ngep, Nam Chieng, Nam Sank, Nam Pha, Nam Yam, Nam Pheuk, Nam Chang, Nam Che, Nam Thanh, Nam Xan and Nam Mang.
There are key corridor road networks of the province which are useful interconnected to other parts of the country such as Anouvong Road to Road No.1D, and Nam Yone Road to Road No.13 South. Four surrounded provinces have crucial benefits from this connection such as Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Xiengkhuang and Bolikhamxay. This provides a foundation for an integration of the ecotourism among the Laos and Greater Mekong Sub-region.
Cultural tradition is very attractive for cultural tourism development besides ecologically sustainable ecotourism development which can be adopted in the future.
2.2. Methods
In this research, we applied the common weighted overlaying method in GIS environment. Research methodology is shown in flow chart (Figure 2). This has been used for evaluation of ecotourism site suitability evaluation in several studies (Taye et al., 2019; Çetinkaya et al., 2018; Ahmadi et al., 2015; Nisa,
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Figure 2. Research methodology flow chart.
2017; Omarzadeh et al., 2021; Waswa Wanyonyi et al., 2016). Biophysical land features were used to identify potential ecotourism sites within the study area, including seven key features forest cover, reservoir, elevation, slope, road access, village locations, and attractive tourism locations such as historical and cultural sites, unique plants and wildlife (Table 1 and Figure 3). These existing spatial data was prepared and analyzed by in Opened Sources GIS Software (QGIS). Other specific biophysical features were not included due to limited data reliability from the local government such as climate/weather, etc. Thus, this study is claimed to be the first study for potential ecotourism assessment of Xaisomboun province.
2.2.1. Data Used and Sources
Data used in this study was primary from the Lao government sectors (Figure 3, Table 1 and Table 2). Firstly, the spatial data was mainly collected from the provincial natural resource and environment (PoNRE), in Xaisomboun province, including forest cover and land use (extracting only provincial and national protected areas), reservoir areas, tourism attractive locations, road networks (permanent and temporally or unpaved roads), and village locations. In addition, USGS data was obtained such as digital elevation model (DEM) to produce elevation and slope data for the study area.
All available spatial data was prepared based on the 4 standard criteria; highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable (using ranking 1 - 4 respectively). The GIS-based land suitability analysis has been applied for provincial administrative boundary.
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Table 1. A list of data and their original sources.
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Figure 3. Prepared data and used for GIS analysis—(a) forest cover, (b) reservoir, (c) historical sites, (d) roads, (e) elevation, (f) slope, and (g) village locations. Source: all spatial data was collected from PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
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Table 2. Applied criteria for overlaying of the map layers.
2.2.2. Data Analysis
The key challenge to identify potential ecotourism sites was selecting suitable factors to be used in the GIS analysis. In this research, experts’ opinions based local knowledge were applied asked to assign an importance of analyzed factors. During the process, we carefully attempted to assign factor priority, weight and class weight (rating) to the parameters to produce the final land suitability map of ecotourism. Thus, we assessed the areas based on three main ecotourism development aspects, including 1) potential sites for inland recreational activities, 2) potential sites for beautiful ecological sceneries, and 3) potential sites for historical and cultural experiences. Then, 4) the final step was the combination of these three aspects for multipurpose ecotourism activities.
3. Results and Discussion
Due to the unique landscape, rich in biodiversity and cultural values, Xaisomboun has great potential areas to can be developed for ecotourism. It consists of dense forests and high attitude mountains with unique natural, cultural, and historical sites. We identified those potential areas into three different ecotourism types of activities, as explained below.
3.1. Potential Sites for Inland Recreational Activities
Potential sites for inland recreational activities are scattered in many different places, which are around 12.21% (1200 ha) of the entire area of Xaisomboun province. The Nam Ngum 1 and 2, (the largest reservoir in the province), Nam Niep river (the water basin of the hydrological power), and Nam Mang watershed are among important surface waters which can be developed for water resorts and other inland recreational activities (Figure 4). It is over 20,000 ha of watershed areas. These activities are for example sports, swimming, fishing and even family gathering activities. These areas are also located in mainly the Nam Phai and Nam Cha of the major rivers and springs. Figure 4 shows potential sites for inland recreational activities including water resorts, sports, swimming, and fishing. The top right photo shows the reservoir of the Nam Ngum Dam
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Figure 4. Potential sites for water-related recreational activities. Source: all spatial data was collected from PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
while the bottom photo is one of the most amazing natural aquariums of province situated at the distance of 15 km far from the Anouvong district. Tad Poung waterfall is located about 8 km from Long San village near Nam Ngum reservoir. The location has a total area of wetlands is about 10 ha. This area is considered as one of the interesting points. There are also waterfalls including Pha Chele and other waterfall.
There are several places including about 30 km west of Anouvang Town near Kongkhao Mountain, Tad Houay Nok Waterfall plunges 200 metres near Ban Nam Mo and Thong Hak Villages. The falls are a favourite holiday destination among locals. You can also visit nearby farms growing sugarcane and bananas. Easily accessed from Vientiane Province, Nam Ngum Lake and its river reaches into Xaysomboun Province, 35 km south of Anouvong Town. Located about 8 km from Long San Village near Nam Ngum Lake, the two-tier Tad Poung Waterfall tumbles 10 meters and then 8 meters through thick forest. About 10 km further along, Dan Pha Saeb Cliff launches a 30-metre-wide two-tier waterfall, each about 10 meters high. The top falls run underground, while the second can be found where giant beehives hang. In the province’s northwest, Phou Mork Mountain is accessed from Long Cheng Village, and presents a great place to view the “sea clouds” from above. The Tad Pha Chae Lae Waterfall shoots 100 meters off a forested mountain about 6 km from Hom at Ban Nam Khien Village. Set in Xaysomboun’s northeast, Tad Gnong Waterfall drops 30 meters in the Ban Pak Gnong Protected Area in Tha Thom District, about 2 km from Tha Thom on the Route 1D. This area is rich in biological species and rare wildlife. Near Chao Anouvong Cave is Tad Phouyathao and Tad Longsan Waterfall and Pha Hom Hot Spring known for its therapeutic waters.
3.2. Potential Sites for Beautiful Ecological Sceneries
The potential zone for beautiful ecological sceneries covers about 22.46% (1980 ha) of the entire study area (Figure 5). There are largely dense forests, river streams and relatively accessible by roads that mainly distributed over the entire province, excepting settlement and cropland areas. The forests are evergreen, Shorea mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp and coniferous forest. The province has a part of Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area (PKK NBCA). This is a protected area located in the south covering an area of 2000 square kilometers of Xaisomboun and other connected provinces. Its mountainous topography, with elevation varying from 200 m to 2820 m. Phou Bia Mountain stands as the nation’s highest mountain (peaks at 2820 m) located 30 km north of the provincial capital in Anouvang District. It is a natural habitat for various wildlife species, and a rare type of smooth, soft grass that resembles straw. The valley presents thousands of interesting Mai Long Leng trees. Sandstones with hardly any soil cover are also part of the topography of the PKK NBCA which consists of sandstone cliffs, river gorges and three large rivers with tributaries connecting to the Mekong River. There are plenty of wild animals
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Figure 5. Potential sites for forest landscapes related activities. Source: all spatial data was collected from PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
discovered in this landscape such as elephants, tigers, bears, 13 pairs of white-cheeked gibbons, and langurs and many species of reptiles, amphibians and birds. In Nakhay and Ban Nakhan Thoung village, there is the green peafowl population which is native to the tropical forests and nearly extinct bird species. This is recently serious preserved by local authorities. Set in Xaysomboun’s northeast, Tad Gnong Waterfall drops 30 meters in the Ban Pak Gnong Protected Area in Tha Thom District, about 2 km from Tha Thom on the Route 1D. This area is rich in biological species and rare wildlife. These unique ecosystem values could be potentially attractive to tourists to visit the province.
3.3. Potential Sites for Historical Tourism Activities
Figure 6 shows the historical attractive points which are potential areas for
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Figure 6. Potential sites for historical tourism activities. Source: all spatial data was collected from PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
historical tourism promotion. This indicates about 12% or 1143 ha of the most suitable locations, across the province that can be promoted as historical sites integrating local community’s engagement. About 1794 ha or 20.34% of entire provincial land areas are moderately suitable. History of the cave known as Chaoanouvong cave, about 4 km from Anouvong Town in Phouhuaxang Village, Chao Anouvong Caves are surrounded by mountains including Phou Bia, with the Nam Jang River (Nam Ja) running through the pair of caverns. The first is 7 metres high and 4 metres wide and creeps along for 30 metres. The second is 3.5 metres high and 5 metres wide, with a length of 300 metres, and is supposed to have hidden King Anouvong from the invading Siamese army. He eventually re-emerged to set up a stronghold on the Nam Jang Riverbank. Near Long Cheng Village, you’ll find the 2 × 2-metre Khoum Molakot Battle Bunker built from bombshells by General Vang Pao’s troops in 1969. Erected in 1967, in the province’s north-western corner near Long Cheng Village, the Palace of King Sisavang Watthana was the vacation home for the royal family during the dry season. Upon achieving independence in 1975, the new government renovated the building into a museum. Nearby, General Vang Pao’s House was built in 1966 during the Indochina War. The 21-room residence is open to the public during working hours, and serves as a memorial to the country’s history. The old Long Cheng Airfield, used during the war, still stands nearby.
3.4. Potential Sites for Multipurpose Ecotourism Activities
Considering all key factors, including closed distance to forest cover and land use (protected areas), reservoir, tourism attractive points, roads, high elevation and slope and village locations, it indicated potential sites for ecotourism as shown in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Table 3. These areas can be the best site
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Figure 7. Potential sites for multipurpose ecotourism activities. Source: all spatial data was collected by PoNRE in Xaisomboun province.
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Figure 8. Some photos of Xaisomboun province, surrounding by (a) dense forests, (b) mountains and (c) hydropower. Source: Photos were provided by PoNRE technical staff.
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Table 3. Potential sites for multipurpose ecotourism activities.
possess all above mentioned qualities, which can be developed for ecotourism. These potential sites can be ideal activity at higher elevation, closer to valley and residential areas for community income support, nearby road, airport and water bodies for ensuring access to the potential sites. The results indicated about 12.43% or 1031 ha of a total area across the province, the most suitable area that can be promoted as ecotourism sites integrating local community’s engagement. The analysis indicated that about 19.42% or 1612 of land areas considered as moderately suitable.
Nearly 70% is not suitable for ecotourism development. These areas are considered due to either less forest covers or not located in National/Provincial Biodiversity Conservation Areas, which are without beautiful ecotourism sceneries, far away from reservoir areas, lake and aquatic surfaces such as hydropower and rivers, more than a distance of 5-km away from tourism attractive points, such as the historic monuments, cave and interesting features, difficult to access due to more distance over 5-km away from roads, less elevation which are not suitable for watching natural landscapes and unique wild plants and animal species, less slope that is not suitable for rock climbing and watching natural landscapes, as well as far away from villages that considering limited utilities, home stays, services and cultural experiences (Figure 7).
4. Conclusion
This research aimed to identify the potential sites for ecotourism in Xaisomboun province, Laos. The GIS data analysis was conducted by using seven factors describing biophysical characteristics, including forest cover, water, elevation, slope, proximity to village, road accessibility and historical attractive sites. The result suggested practically useful for the development of ecotourism sites and facilities. It was found that for the highly suitable areas (12.43%), most of which are located in the protected areas consisting of dense forests. Its high value of natural resources is suitable for research and education. The moderately suitable area was about 19.42% of the total area that could serve as major attractions for ecotourism. Most of them are located across the provincial areas. The majority of the marginally suitable area (50% of the total area). Most of them can be incorporated with appropriate infrastructures and local engagement and improved services, under the supportive policy and guidelines. The result is useful for ecotourism development and planning at provincial level which can be scaled up. It is also the great benefit in terms of sustainable social-economic development, conservation of biodiversity and other ecosystem services. The study was considered as the first study which based on perspective of natural resource management and future sustainable ecotourism development using GIS. However, this information can be useful to identify priority areas for ecotourism and whether future land uses can be modified for future development within the province to ensure the sustainable natural forest resource management. Therefore, an ecotourism development plan should be incorporated into the development plans at district, provincial and regional levels to link resources which can complement each other. This would make it easier to redirect tourists away from tourism resources whose capacity is already exceeded. Assessments of government policies related to ecotourism and local capability or engagement were needed to conduct further research to ensure the effective ecotourism development in the region. The policies are essential in the short and medium term to support ecotourism development of the enterprises and local engagement. When ecotourism is operated, capacity building of local communities is important to facilitate and generate income from ecotourism services and jobs.
Acknowledgements
This study was one of my Ph.D. research chapters which supported by professors from Faculty of Forest Sciences, The National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and professors from Vietnam National University of Forestry (VNUF), Xuan Mai, Chuong My, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Kunming University Science and Technology, Kunming, China and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, Indonesia. In addition, author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for constructive comments concerning our manuscript and thank you for the regional forest observation (RFO) project (under the APFNet support) for supporting forest cover data.
Author Contributions
Research concept, GIS data collection, used methodology, manuscript writing and revising was leaded by Soneteng Buaxaiya. However, GIS data analysis and multiple criteria overlay analysis was supervised by Dr. Chittana Phompila. This work was technically supported by all mentioned co-authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.