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Maïga, A. , Bah, A. , Diakité, I. , Saye, Z. , Sidibé, B. , Traoré, B. , Diassana, M. , Konaté, S. , Doumdia, A. , Koné, T. , Diallo, A. , Traoré, A. , Diallo, M. , Dembélé, B. , Saadé, O. , Kanté, M. , Konaté, M. , Dembélé, S. , Samaké, M. , Konaté, M. , Kanté, L. and Traoré, A. (2021) Giant Hernia with Incarceration.
Surgical Science,
12, 399-403. doi:
10.4236/ss.2021.1212042.
1. Introduction
Giant hernias induce physiological changes which reduce the quality of life of patients and make their surgical management complex. Adequate preoperative preparation of the patient guarantees good postoperative progress. It is necessary to avoid resorting to a technique of separation of the compartments during the cure. A giant hernia is defined by a collar width greater than 10 cm [1]. A giant hernia corresponds to a hernia where the hernial content cannot be reduced in the abdominal cavity due to an acute inflammatory reaction inducing congestion of the hernia or adhesions in the hernial sac [2]. If not operated on, these giant hernias can be complicated by strangulation, bowel obstruction, or enterocutaneous fistulization. In practice, all patients with giant hernias must be assessed and then optimized. Optimization includes quitting smoking at least four weeks before the operation, strict glycemic control in diabetics, weight loss, correction of any tissue hypoxemia and nutritional optimization [3]. The closing of the fascial plane has as limiting factors the tension on the fascias and the resulting intra-abdominal hyperpressure. There are several surgical procedures which make up for that. In 1984, Trivellini et al. [4] described the use of discharge incisions on the external oblique muscle in order to decrease tension. In 1990 Ramirez described a technique which will bear his name: the components separation or separation of compartments. It consists of the incision of the tendon of the external oblique beyond the line semi-lunar [5] and the incision of the posterior sheath of the right muscles.
These maneuvers allow to gain in length and ensure medialization of the right muscles. The purpose of this work is to report an observation of a patient operated for giant hernia of the white line with incarceration by the technique of Ramirez with success.
2. Observation
We report the case of a 60-year-old patient admitted to an outpatient clinic for abdominal swelling evolving for 30 years without the notion of trauma gradually increasing in volume. 2 years ago this swelling became painful with no notion of vomiting, but a notion of constipation (4 days without stool) having led the patient to undertake a series of traditional treatment based on oral decoction and fumigation without success, resulting in skin ulceration. Faced with the persistence of pain, she consults us for better care (Figure 1). On admission she had a good general condition (OMS1), pink conjunctiva, no folds of dehydration or malnutrition, blood pressure at 102/70 mmhg, a pulse rate at 84 pulses/min, a temperature at 37.2˚C, a respiratory rate at 18 cycles/min, a weight at 70 kg, a height at 1.58 m, a BMI at 28.04. The patient did not receive a CT scan or MRI due to lack of financial means. An over-umbilical arch with irregular contours of 20/15 cm of long axis (Figure 2), irreducible, the collar was difficult to appreciate on palpation. The pelvic feel was without particularity. The biological assessment carried out was without particularity, so a preanesthetic consultation was requested with an ok for general anesthesia. In the block we made a biconvex lens incision removing skin ulcers; after dissection the collar (Figure 3) was 11/12 cm wide, the contents of the sac were the cecum, the transverse colon, the
sigmoid, the jejunum and the greater omentum (Figure 4). After adhesiolysis we proceeded to resect the bag and cure it using the Ramirez technique. The patient was discharged from the hospital on day 4 after her dressing, with the placement of an abdominal compression sheath for the 3 months. The patient was followed for a year without any particular problem.
3. Discussion
The closure of the fascial plane has as limiting factors the tension on the fascias and the resulting intra-abdominal hyperpressure. There are several surgical procedures that can overcome this. In 1984, Trivellini et al. [4] described the use of discharge incisions on the external oblique muscle in order to decrease tension. In 1990 Ramirez described a technique which will bear his name: the components separation or separation of compartments. It consists of the incision of the tendon of the external oblique beyond the line semi-lunar [5] and the incision of the posterior sheath of the right muscles. These maneuvers allow to gain in length and ensure medialization of the right muscles. There are several abdominal augmentation strategies that aim to increase abdominal volume before proceeding reintegration of hernial content. Among the techniques described, we find progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum (PPP), the installation of expander type devices and, more recently, the application of botulinum toxin (see below) [6] According to a systematic review of the literature, [6] lePPP allows a net coverage rate of 84% compared to 92.9% for expanders and 100% for botulinum toxin. Note, however, that there were only fourteen patients in the expander category and 29 in the botulinum toxin category versus 229 for PPP. These data are therefore difficult to interpret given the size of the studies, but also their heterogeneity, their level of evidence (absence of randomized study) and a likely selection bias, especially for new techniques. This during abdominal augmentation strategies is not necessarily necessary in large hernias.
4. Conclusion
The success in the management in the absence of prosthetic material depends on good preoperative preparation and the mastery of certain surgical techniques.