Controlling the Shape, Pore Size and Surface Area of Prepared Mesoporous Silica Particles by Altering the Molar Concentration of Tetramethoxysilane ()
1. Introduction
The preparation of mesoporous silica was first achieved by Kresge’s team in 1992 using surfactant as a template [1]. After surfactant removed from the mesostructure, mesoporous silicas with pores sizes in the range of 2 to 10 nm and hexagonal and cube arrays were obtained. Various studies were conducted to prepare mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes and surface areas. The preparation of mesoporous silica depends on three main steps: 1) synthesis, 2) drying, and 3) removing the surfactant. The synthesis of mesoporous silicas is the curial step where it is necessary to control all the properties of mesoporous silica [2].
It is therefore important to select the reaction components to prepare mesoporous silica with the desired characteristics. The drying step is usually carried out at a temperature not exceeding 45˚C as it is important to remove water and solvent from the mesostructure slowly so that it does not collapse. The final step is the removal of the template by either burning or solvent extraction. The last two steps have limited effect in controlling pore size and surface area [3] [4].
A large number of researchers worked on preparing mesoporous [5] and macroporous silicas [6], but few of them were able to prepare it with an average particles size less than 500 nm. Several factors can be taken into consideration to control the pore size, surface area, particle size, and morphology. These factors include type of surfactant and its chain length, solvent kind and quantity, pH of the reaction medium and stirring speed [7]. For instance, mesoporous silica batches were successfully prepared by Yano and Fukushima using alkyl trimethylammonium chloride with varieties alkyl lengths as a template and TMOS as a silica source. Methanol and deionized water are the most commonly used as a solvent and the medium for pH was altered to alkaline by adding NaOH [8]. Spherical particles with multiple sizes were obtained and the size of the particles is directly proportional to the length of the alkyl chain. Moreover, mesoporous silica with an average size “136 nm” and surface area “1006 m2∙g−1” and mercapto chelator was attached to the surface of these particles for analytical applications [5].
Furthermore, various difficulties were faced by the researchers during the preparation of mesoporous silica and the major concerns are to control the shape of the particle and the size of pores with high surface area. Therefore, the current study was designed to control the shape, size of the pores, and surface area by altering the molar concentration of TMOS and other reaction contents during silica preparation process.
2. Materials
In the current study, the synthesis of mesoporous silica was achieved by using different materials: Tetramethoxysilane “98%”, NaOH, Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide “99%”, and Ethylene glycol and they were purchased from Aldrich, UK, whereas, ethanol was used as grading reagents.
3. Characterization of Prepared Particles
The obtained mesoporous silica particles in this work were characterized using TGA, FT-IR, SEM and BET.
Thermal analysis of the particles was carried out using TGA under these conditions: Heat temperature “30˚C - 800˚C” at 2˚C/min, under N2 and the weight of sample “1 - 5 mg”. Perkin-Elmer TGA 8000 was used.
FT-IR spectroscopy measurement was carried out for silica samples directly as a solid material before and after combustion.
SEM was utilized to evaluate the morphology of prepared particles and to measure the size of the particles based on the average size of 50 particles. Before the measurement take place, sample prepared by dispersing 10 mg of silica particles in deionized water and drops placed onto glass plate. The glass surface was then coated using gold film and the measurement was carried out using focused ion-beam microscopy type FEI Helios Nanolab 600.
Surface area and pore size distribution was measured using Micromeritics ASAP 2020 apparatus.
4. Preparation of Mesoporous Silicas
The preparation of mesoporous silicas was achieved by transferring ethylene glycol “0 - 400 mL”, deionised water “0 - 400 mL”, sodium hydroxide solution “0 - 9 mL, 1 M”, and C12TMABr “0 - 3.36 g” into a conical flask “1000 mL”. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 15 min at 20˚C. TMOS “0.9 - 3.6 mL” was then slowly added and the reaction was left to proceed for 8 h under vigorous stirring (Table 1). The mixture was then aged overnight. The white solid was isolated by centrifugation “10,000 rpm” for 30 min, rinsed with water five times and one additional time with ethanol, and then dried at 45˚C for 3 days. The white powder was calcinated at 550˚C for 12 h, the temperature increased from room temperature to 550˚C at 2˚C/min.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Effect of Tetramethoxysilane
In the current study, TMOS was used as a silica precursor instead of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) which commonly used to synthesis mesoporous silica particles. The hydrolysis process of TMOS faster than TEOS as the TMOS has a small leaving group leading to the fast formation of the particles [9]. The
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Table 1. The materials and quantities used to prepare different batches of mesoporous silicas.
*mL = milliliters, g = grams, Et-G = ethylene glycol.
C12TMABr was used as a template, due to its short chain length surfactant was expected to produce small size particles. The ethylene glycol was used as a solvent instead of ethanol or methanol which is responsible to enhance the viscosity of the reaction mixture followed by huge numbers of primary particles subsequently size of particles can be controlled [10]. The reaction mixture during synthesis of silica particles usual catalysis by adding NH4OH, however, in the current study NaOH was used for the synthesis of short silicate rod-like micelles to form small particles [11]. Every component of the reaction mixture plays a key role in particles formation. Therefore, the quantity of the reaction recipe was altered to study the effect of each reagent on particles characteristics to get desirable particles.
In the current study, the mesoporous silica particles were prepared and categorized based on varied morphology, size, surface area and pore size distribution by altering the amount of silica precursor, solution and surfactant (Table 1) with keeping other factors such as temperature and stirring are constant. The reaction was initiated by adding different concentrations of silica precursor, the concentration is gradually increased in overall experimentation to observe the changes in prepared silicas. It was observed that variation in TMOS concentration affects the size and porosity of mesoporous silicas which was observed by scanning electron microscopy (Figure 1). The reaction was categorized in 13 batches from MG-1 to MG-13. The alteration in TMOS showed that perfect and homogenous spherical particles with a mean size of ca. 157 ± 23 nm were obtained in MG-1
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Figure 1. SEM Images of silica particles prepared by altering the quantity of TMOS (Batch MG-1, MG-2, and MG-3).
“TMOS, 1.8 mL”. It was observed that when the concentration of TMOS was 50% decreased it brings a remarkable change in the size and physical state of silicas. The shape of mesoporous silica particles was spherical with irregular shapes with a mean size of ca. “149 ± 20 nm” (Figure 1). Hence, there was not a big difference observed at a reduced concentration of TMOS. When the concentration of TMOS gradually increased 100% from the standard “1.8 mL” in the reaction mixture, it was observed that spherical particles and some little amorphous one were obtained (Figure 1). The increased concentration of TMOS leads to huge numbers of small-seeded particles with limited precursors being available for subsequent particles growth. Therefore, the study also confirms that the size of particles at an increased concentration of TMOS was reduced to 120 nm (Table 1) [12] [13]. The particle dispersion for the batches MG-1 and MG-3 were sufficient whereas, reasonable for batch MG-2 due to the amorphous nature of particles.
5.2. Effect of Volume Ratio of Solvent (DI-W: Et-G)
To study the effect of solvents (DI-W and Et-G) on the size and morphology of the particles. The experiments were designed to make the sum of solvent to be 400 mL “Batch MG-1 and MG-4-7”. In batch MG-1 DI-W “310 mL” and Et-G “90 mL” were utilized during the whole experiment. The size and morphology of this batch showed that the morphology of prepared particles was affected by increasing the volume ratio of ethylene glycol (Figure 2). It was observed that the increased volume of ethylene glycol in the reaction mixture led to a decrease in the solubility of the surfactant and hindered the formation of micelle as it has been observed no spherical particles obtained in high concentration of ethylene glycol “Batch MG-5”. Table 2 illustrates the size and some of the characteristics of prepared particles [14].
5.3. Alkaline Reagent (NaOH)
The effect of alkaline reagent NaOH on the formation of the particles was studied “Batch MG-1, MG-8 - 10”. The concentration of NaOH was modified from “0 - 9 mL”. A glass material was obtained when the experiment run without the base which confirms the need for the reaction medium to be either in the basic or acidic condition (Table 2). Increasing the pH value of the reaction medium lead to a bigger particle with irregular shapes and sizes (Figure 3) [15]. However, cluster of amorphous materials produced at high concentration of NaOH “Batch MG-10”.
5.4. Template Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide
The size of particles depends on the alkyl length chain of the surfactant. It has been reported that the average particle size increased when the alkyl-chain length of the surfactant was increased [16]. In the literature, there is not much data available regarding the effect of surfactant quantity on the morphology and
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Figure 2. SEM Images of silica particles (Batch MG-4-7).
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Table 2. Some characteristics for different batches of mesoporous silicas.
*mL = milliliters, g = grams, Et-G = ethylene glycol.
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Figure 3. SEM Images of mesoporous silica particles (Batch MG-9 and 10).
size of particles. The study revealed that none of the material was obtained in the absence of a template “Batch MG-11” (Table 2). The size of the particles decreased with increasing the quantity of template (C12TMABr). On the other hand, the morphology of the particles enhanced at a low quantity of surfactant (Figure 1 and Figure 4). The smallest particles size (35 ± 7 nm) in the current research was obtained when a large quantity of surfactant was used as in batch MG-13 (Table 2).
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Figure 4. SEM Images of mesoporous silica particles (Batch MG-12 and 13).
5.5. Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution
The porosity of particles was studied and characterized by N2 adsorption isotherm. The BET method was used to calculate the surface area and pore size distribution [17]. The prepared silica particles in all batches showed an isotherm belonging to type IV which occur when the material is mesoporous [18]. The study revealed that alteration in the concentration of chemical reagents affects both surface area “350 - 1204 m2∙g−1” and average pore radius “1.62 - 4.5 nm” (Table 3). The surface area decreased with increasing the quantity of silica precursor in the reaction medium. Furthermore, a dramatic drop in the surface area “353.5137 m2∙g−1” was noticed when the reaction run without deionized water due to the low solubility of the surfactant on ethylene glycol leading to low concentration of micelles. The relationship between the surface area and the amount of water used in the reaction is a direct relationship. However, there was no obvious effect of pH value on the surface area or pore size. A slight increase in the surface area with increasing the quantity of C12TMABr (Table 3).
5.6. Template Removal
Removal of surfactant from mesostructure is usually carried out using combustion or solvent extraction. The combustion is the easy way to remove the template as it is simple, green, and free solvent waste provided that the temperature does not exceed “600˚C”, and its increase may lead to the collapse of the mesostructure and destroy the particles. To prove the removal of template from the particles structure, the prepared particles in different batches were characterized by TGA and FT-IR before and after combustion. Thermogravimetric analyses carried out from “30˚C to 800˚C” showed in general three regions of weight loss. The first change occurred between “37˚C and 180˚C”, a weight loss thought to be that of water adsorbed on the silica surface and residual solvent and unreacted materials [19]. There was then a large weight loss from “180˚C to 350˚C”, followed by a slight weight loss between “350˚C and 420˚C”. Most of the weight was lost between “180˚C to 350˚C” due to the burning off surfactant (Figure 5). No significant change was observed between “420˚C to 800˚C” except for batch MG-10-b, this slight weight loss might be due to the nature of prepared
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Figure 5. Thermogravimetric analysis of mesoporous silicas before burning off surfactant.
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Table 3. Surface area and BJH pore radius of prepared mesoporous silicas.
*mL = milliliters, g = grams, Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (BET).
amorphous materials. The large weight loss between “180˚C to 350˚C” disappeared from TG trace after silica particles combustion approving complete surfactant removal from silica structure (Figure 6).
FT-IR spectroscopy was used for further approval of surfactant removal from silica mesostructure, FT-IR spectroscopy was carried out for prepared particles before and after combustion. The CH2 and CH3 stretching peaks at “2925 and 2851 cm−1” (Figure 7) disappeared from the IR spectra after burning off the organic species (Figure 8). The strong peak at “1036 cm−1” attributed to siloxane “Si-O-Si” group. The Si-O band was observed at “791 cm−1”. Some batches have a slight peak at “2925 and 2851 cm−1” due to uncompleted removal of the surfactant from the mesoporous silica structure.
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Figure 6. Thermogravimetric analysis of mesoporous silicas after burning off surfactant.
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Figure 7. FT-IR spectroscopy of prepared mesoporous silicas before surfactant combustion.
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Figure 8. FT-IR spectroscopy of prepared mesoporous silicas after surfactant combustion.
6. Conclusion
The current study revealed that altering the concentration of reagents used to prepare mesoporous silica particles leads to changes in the physical characteristics of the particles like morphologies, sizes, and surface area. The study also confirms that these changes were obtained due to variations in the quantity of TMOS, the volume ratio of (DI-W: Et-G), NaOH, and C12TMABr. Therefore, it is very important to adjust these factors to control the size, morphology and surface area of the particles and get the desirable silica particles. As a result, mesoporous silicas with average sizes ranging from “35 to 550 nm”, various morphology, average pore radius “1.62 - 4.5 nm” and different surface area “350 - 1204 m2∙g−1” were prepared successfully by controlling the concentration of these factors during the preparation of silica particles. These prepared mesoporous silicas may be used as a substrate in various applications such as drug delivery and extraction of hazardous materials from water. Current work is the initial part of ongoing work as further experimentation is in continuation to study effect of type of solvent and surfactant on the silica particles characteristics.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support received from King Khalid Military Academy, Saudi Arabia, Durham University, UK, Dr Paul McGonigal, Dr. Leon Bowen and Dr. Budhika Mendis.