Ischemic Stroke Due to Paradoxical Embolism in a Patient with Patent Foramen Ovale, Bilateral Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis and Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome: A Case Report ()
1. Introduction
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital cardiac defect involving near 25% of the general population [1]. It is often diagnosed incidentally in asymptomatic patients, but it could be also associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, such as cryptogenic stroke and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome [2] [3].
Cryptogenic stroke is defined as a stroke that occurs in the absence of an identified cardioembolic or large vessel source, and with a distribution that is not consistent with small vessel disease. Most of these strokes are embolic, with paradoxical embolism through a PFO being a possible cause. In patients who suffered from cryptogenic stroke, the prevalence of PFO is 40% to 50% [1] [4] [5]. Recent randomized controlled trials and metanalysis have demonstrated that PFO closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke is associated with reduced rate of recurrent stroke, especially in patients with certain echocardiographic features (i.e., atrial septal aneurysm or large shunt) [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].
Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by dyspnea and arterial desaturation in the upright position that improves with recumbency. Hypoxia occurs because deoxygenated venous blood mixes with the oxygenated arterial blood through a shunt. The site of the shunt can be classified into intracardiac or extracardiac, with PFO being the most common site of intracardiac shunt. Percutaneous closure of the defect is the treatment of choice [3] [11].
The aim of our case report is to raise awareness of the possible clinical manifestation and complications of such a common finding as PFO.
2. Case Presentation
We present the case of an 84-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital for a transient ischemic attack (TIA). She was affected by hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and she was diagnosed with mild congenital pulmonary valve stenosis with severe post-stenosis pulmonary arteries dilatation. In 2012 she suffered a cryptogenic stroke treated with fibrinolysis, on treatment with acetylsalicylic acid for secondary prevention; during the hospitalization a PFO, with moderate right-to-left shunt, was found. At that time no indication for closure was given.
She was admitted to the Emergency Department for transient aphasia. The CT angiography of carotid arteries showed a left carotid bifurcation stenosis of 70%, therefore a left carotid endarterectomy was performed.
The first day post-surgery, the neurological examination showed aphasia, dysarthria, right partial facial palsy, right arm weakness, right hemianopia (NIHSS 10). Multimodal brain CT scan documented hypoperfusion in the left middle cerebral artery territory due to M2 occlusion. Therefore, the patient underwent primary mechanical thrombectomy, with complete vascular recanalization and improvement of the neurological deficit (NIHSS 4).
After thrombectomy she was transferred to the Stroke Unit.
On admission the patient was apyretic, the arterial pressure was 170/80 mmHg, heart rate 70/min, arterial saturation 97% with Venturi mask (FiO2 31%).
Antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel was administered and physical and logopedic rehabilitation was performed with improvement in strength deficit and stability of language disorder.
A venous Eco Doppler, requested for left leg swelling, showed a bilateral distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The CT pulmonary angiogram ruled out pulmonary embolism, congestive heart failure, interstitial disease, and pneumonia. Anticoagulation with low dose of LMWH (enoxaparin 4000 IU bid) was administered in consideration of the recent surgery, the need of antiplatelet therapy, the high risk of intracranial hemorrhage, and the distal localization of the DVT.
The following week, the hospitalization was complicated by frequent episodes of severe respiratory failure (arterial saturation of 65% - 70% with oxygen Venturi mask, in sitting position), treated with oxygen therapy with reservoir and continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP); this was associated with marked reduction in arterial blood pressure. During these episodes, the patient remained asymptomatic.
A second CT pulmonary angiogram excluded pulmonary embolism, and a cerebral CT scan ruled out new acute cerebral events. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), blood count, reactive C-protein (RCP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were in normal range. Four nasopharyngeal swabs and serology for SARS-CoV-2 were negative.
We evaluated oxygen saturation in upright and supine position, documenting desaturation in upright position and improvement of saturation values in supine position (platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome) which could be related to an increasing right-to-left shunt through the PFO. Finally, a bubble study by transthoracic echocardiography was performed with agitated saline injected in the patient’s right antecubital vein (Figures 1-4). The exam confirmed our hypothesis showing a massive right-to-left shunt through the PFO.
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Figure 1. Apical four chamber echocardiogram view in resting conditions before the bubble injection. We can see the left atrium on the right bottom, the right atrium on the left bottom, the left ventricle on the right top and the right ventricle on the left top.
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Figure 2. Opacization of the right atrium by the microbubbles.
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Figure 3. Microbubbles fill the right atrium and the right ventricle; many of them have already crossed the interatrial septum and can be seen in the left ventricular cavity.
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Figure 4. Atria and ventricles filled by microbubbles demonstrating a massive right-to-left shunt.
The patient was transferred to the Cardiology Department to evaluate the possibility of PFO closure. Unfortunately, before the closure the patient developed a fatal septic shock complicated by multi organ failure.
3. Discussion
This case report shows two relevant complications of PFO.
Our patient underwent carotid surgery for a TIA, subsequently developing an ischemic stroke. Given the finding of a distal bilateral DVT and the presence of a PFO complicated by right-to-left shunt, we can speculate that the ischemic events were likely to be related to paradoxical embolism rather than atherothromboembolism.
The patient also presented a rare cause of respiratory failure associated to the presence of a PFO: platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. In this case, the shunting was exacerbated by a congenital pulmonary valve stenosis and likely by the recent surgery, as the patient never manifested acute respiratory failure before hospitalization.
Cryptogenic stroke caused by paradoxical embolism and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome are both well described complications of PFO, but case reports of their coexistence in the same patient are few [12] [13] [14] [15]. Noticeably, all these previous reports underline the efficacy of PFO closure on relieving respiratory symptoms and preventing new cerebral ischemic events.
At present, the “European position paper on the management of patients with patent foramen ovale” [16] declares that the management of all PFO-associated syndromes should be based on an interdisciplinary collaboration, and the decision making should take into account the probability of a causal role of the PFO in the clinical picture and the risk of recurrence. Given the massive right-to-left shunt, our patient would have probably benefited from PFO closure. However, she died due to an infectious complication before the closure had been performed.
4. Conclusion
Although usually asymptomatic, PFO could be related to severe complications. In this case report, the patient manifested two PFO-associated syndromes: cryptogenic stroke caused by paradoxical embolism and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. PFO closure has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing new ischemic events and relieving respiratory failure.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was acquired from the patient’s family.