Topical Application of Ascorbic Acid Solution as an Adjunctive Method of Periodontal Therapy among Wet Snuff Users after Prosthodontics Therapy ()
1. Introduction
The dental prosthetic treatment has an effect on periodontal tissues that plays a significant role in the prognosis of periodontal therapy where prosthodontics appliances are considered as predisposing factors for progressing and recurrence of periodontal diseases postoperatively due to their passive effects on plaque accumulation, so the definitive assessment of prosthodontics treatment must not depend on the function and aesthetic standards only, but also depend on their impacts on periodontal tissues [1].
Understanding how the prosthodontics appliances participate in the accumulation of dental plaque and periodontal diseases is very important. The improper design of the restoration margins extension may produce harmful effects on the gingival sulcus. Furthermore, any defect in the designing of these margins may play a significant role in the development of periodontal diseases [2].
Periodontal disease is a mixed infection that occurs as complex interactions between specific bacteria, hereditary, and ecological factors especially, tobacco consumption and it’s characterized by excessive release of free radicals ions of oxygen by chronic inflammatory cells, like neutrophils [3] [4].
The significance of ascorbic acid in the health of periodontium has been recognized since many years ago, and it is an antioxidant agent against oxygen-free radical ions that can contribute to periodontal tissue destruction among periodontitis patients [5]. Moreover, conventional periodontal therapy has been the foundation for the control of dental plaque and periodontitis prevention [6].
Snuff is produced by grinding tobacco leaves, which can be used dry or wet. The dry type is a powder that is used by the nose, while the wet type is used by putting it between the cheek and lower lip or gingiva and cheek, facilitating nicotine absorption by the oral mucosa [7] [8]. Snuff use is considered from the environmental risk factors of increased spread and intensity of the periodontal disease, and the risk effects of snuff use on periodontal and prosthodontics therapy outcomes depend on the strengthened dose and years of exposure to tobacco products [9] [10] [11].
Few studies assessed the outcomes of periodontal therapy with and without snuff use, but there was no study on topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal treatment with wet sniff using among Saudi people after prosthodontics therapy. Moreover, identify snuff use as an ecological risk factor of periodontal disease is still complicated due to the difficulty of evaluating the exact effect of tobacco products. Generally, there are relationships in the literature between snuff use and the severity of periodontal breakdown and the efficiency of periodontal therapy that is more efficient among the patients who do not use snuff more than snuff users [12] [13] [14] [15].
On the other hand, there is some evidence that the response to periodontal treatment depends on the amount of tobacco consumption, and based on the close and the inherent relation between prosthodontics appliances and periodontal therapy results, the present study performed to evaluate the effect of wet snuff use on the outcomes of periodontal therapy among Saudi people who received prosthodontics therapy [16]. This study hypothesized that prosthodontics appliances after periodontal therapy do not preserve periodontal tissues among wet snuff users patients due to their impact on dental plaque formation and self plaque control. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy among wet snuff users after prosthodontics therapy.
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Sample Size and Ethics
As sample size, one hundred and fifty patients over the age of 20 years old selected after periodontal and prosthodontics therapy from outpatient clinics, college of dentistry, King Khalid University, and from some hospitals Ministry of Health in Tabuk, Jazan, and Aseer regions from September 2020 to December 2020, one year is the time of post-treatment assessment. The study was designed according to the instruction of the research ethics committee, college of dentistry, King Khalid University. The informed consent of patients obtained before they participated in the study.
2.2. Study Design
2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
The patients divided into three equal groups of 50 participants each, treated by conventional periodontal therapy after prosthodontics therapy. Group I (control group): It included patients who do not use wet snuff. Group II: Wet snuff users. Group III: Wet snuff users treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution, at least one year is the duration of wet snuff use, at least one time per day.
2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
The case history obtained to exclude:
· The patients with systemic diseases.
· Cigarette smoking patients.
· Menopause patients,
· Tobacco chewing patients.
· Pregnant patients.
· The patients who received anti-inflammatory/antibiotic, corticosteroid therapy, or periodontal therapy in the six months before the study.
· The patients who usage of vitamin supplements and antioxidants supplement intake or, the patients who regularly use of mouthwash in the three months before the study, and the lactating women [17].
2.2.3. Clinical History
The clinical case history of patients was recorded and including age, address, gender, occupation, systemic conditions, medications, and details about snuff using (frequency and duration) [18].
2.2.4. Clinical Examination
A complete periodontal examination performed, and the following indices recorded by using a Williams periodontal probe: Plaque index (PLI) [19], gingival index (GI) [20], and clinical attachment loss (CAL) at baseline (first visit) and after 4 weeks (second visit), and 6 weeks (third visit) of the study intervals.
2.2.5. Periodontal Therapy
The oral hygiene instructions for self-plaque control were given to the patients before the start of periodontal therapy, then conventional periodontal treatment performed on all patients of group I, II, and III, and ascorbic acid solution (ampoules 250 mg/mL) was used on group III participants, where it applied for five minutes into the periodontal pocket by using a blunt-ended cannula after isolation of the area, then the patient was requested not to wash the mouth and not eat at least thirty minutes of the procedure. The clinical findings collected in the first visit and second visit, and third visit.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analyses of the collected data were done. ANOVA test was used to know the mean of participants’ age and its distribution according to their gender. Moreover, it was used to detect the significant differences of periodontal parameters in the participants’ visits within the group. The paired t-test was used to detect the significant differences of periodontal parameters between the groups in the first visit, second visit, and third visit after periodontal therapy. Data were exhibited as mean and standard deviation (±SD). The statistically significant differences were considered when P-value was less than 0.05 (P < 0.05).
3. Results
One hundred and fifty participants were evaluated, aged 20 - 60 years. There were 100 urban Saudi participants with a mean age of 38.2 ± 6.4 years and 50 rural Saudi participants with a mean age of 45.7 ± 9.7 years. There was a difference in age between urban Saudi and rural Saudi participants without statistical significance differences (P = 0.401) (Table 1 and Figure 1). The assessment of the collected data of this study clarified that the wet snuff use was not associated with the living area of urban and rural Saudi participants.
The clinical parameters’ assessment of the study group in the first visit, the second visit, and the third visit was summarized in Table 2 and Figure 2. There were detected differences in the clinical parameters without statistically significant differences during the comparison between the first visit, second visit, and third visit of periodontal therapy among all participants except CAL (P > 0.05). There was an increase in all clinical parameters among the patients of group II
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Table 1. Participants age distribution.
USP: Urban Saudi Participants. RSP: Rural Saudi Participants.
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Table 2. Comparison between the study groups in clinical parameters.
SG: Study group. CF: Clinical findings. W: Week PLI: Plaque index. GI: Gingival index. CAL: Clinical attachment loss. *Statistical significant differences (P < 0.05).
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Figure 1. Age participants distribution. USP: Urban Saudi Participants. RSP: Rural Saudi Participant.
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Figure 2. Comparison between the study groups in clinical parameters. SG: Study group. W: Week PLI: Plaque index. GI: Gingival index. CAL: Clinical attachment loss.
and group III more than group I. More decrease was observed in all clinical parameters for the group of participants, who were not wet snuff users after 4weeks, and 6weeks follow-up. Table 2 and Figure 2 showed better results of group I who were not wet snuff users and treated with conventional therapy alone as compared to wet snuff users in group II and group III, but the reduction was more among the participants in group III who treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution than the participants in group II who treated with conventional periodontal therapy alone.
Consequently, there was a reduction in the mean and standard deviation of plaque index (PLI) from 2.8 ± 1.4 to 2.5 ± 0.51, and 2.7 ± 0.33 in group II, and a reduction from 2.7 ± 0.34 to 2.5 ± 0.23 and 2.6 ± 0.65 in group III. Consistent with clinical assessment of gingival status where there was a reduction in the mean and standard deviation of the gingival index (GI) from 2.8 ± 0.52 to 2.3 ± 0.62 and 2.5 ± 0.51 in group II and a reduction from 2.5 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.58 and 2.4 ± 0.47 in group III. Moreover, there was a reduction in the mean and standard deviation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) from 4.5 ± 0.26 to 3.9 ± 0.83 and 4.2 ± 0.83 in group II and from 4.2 ± 0.31 to 3.8 ± 0.46 and 3.8 ± 0.31 in group III; as compared with group I without significance differences (P > 0.05) in all study groups at baseline and after 4 weeks, and 6 weeks of follow up except CAL.
On the other hand, there were differences of periodontal parameters in the comparison between the first visit and the second visit, and between the first visit and the third visit and between the second visit and the third visit without statistical significance differences except for plaque index, gingival index, and CAL in the comparison between the first visit and the second visit follow up, and between first visit and the third visit among the patients of group I and CAL among the patients of group II moreover CAL in the comparison between the second visit and the third visit where there were statistical significance differences(P < 0.05) (Table 3).
There was a decrease in all clinical parameters in the second visit and the third visit amongst all participants compared to the first visit. This decrease was more among the patients who do not use wet snuff and received conventional periodontal therapy after prosthodontics therapy compared to wet snuff users patients and received conventional periodontal therapy after prosthodontics therapy and wet snuff users patients received conventional periodontal therapy with topical application of ascorbic acid solution. Consequently, wet snuff use with
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Table 3. Comparison between clinical parameters within the study groups at baseline, 4 months and 6 months.
GI: group I. GII: group II. GIII: group III. BL: Baseline. CF: Clinical finding. W: Week PLI: Plaque index. GI: Gingival index. CAL: Clinical attachment loss. *Statistical significant differences (P < 0.05).
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Figure 3. Comparison between clinical parameters within study groups. GI: group I. GII: group II. GIII: group III. BL: Baseline. W: Week PLI: Plaque index. GI: Gingival index. CAL: Clinical attachment loss.
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Table 4. The matrix correlation between age, plaque index, gingival index and CAL.
PLI: Plaque index. GI: Gingival index. CAL: Clinical attachment loss.
prosthodontics appliances had the maximum impact on periodontal therapy outcomes more than wet snuff use alone and is meaning a less appropriate response to periodontal therapy among this group’s participants (Table 3 and Figure 3). According to the statistical analysis in Table 4, there was no matrix correlation between Age, Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and clinical attachment loss in the current study.
4. Dissection
Wet snuff is a tobacco product that used with placed into the mouth between the cheek and the lip, and consequently, affect periodontal tissues where there was an increase in periodontal pockets among wet snuff users more than non-wet snuff users, as we found in the present study where there was more effect of wet snuff using on the clinical parameters of periodontal status assessment [21]. Moreover, the ability of prosthodontics appliances to catch dental plaque is a risk factor, and elucidates the relation between the increase of periodontal diseases on the abutment and the partial dentures [22] [23]. Ascorbic Acid is an antioxidant can decrease the generation of reactive oxygen species that are associated with inflammatory reaction in periodontal diseases, and cause more destruction of periodontal tissues [24] [25].
The design of this study was based on the clinical evaluation of topical application effectiveness of ascorbic acid solution in periodontal therapy of wet snuff users after prosthodontics therapy and the relationship between the type periodontal therapy and the improvement of periodontitis after 4 weeks and 6 weeks follow up and using of wet snuff as compared with non-using of wet snuff.
The range of age in this study was 20 - 60 years. It represents the effects of wet snuff use on periodontal tissues among adults and older adults. Similar observations of Kumar et al. where observed an increase in smokeless tobacco using after 21 years old [26]. There was no correlation between the living area of participants and wet snuff using in the current study. In agreement with another study that exhibited, there were no significant differences in smoking between rural and urban areas [27].
Our study demonstrated a passive correlation between plaque index, gingival index, and clinical attachment loss with the use of wet snuff after periodontal therapy, as was clarified by Hirsch et al. [28] and Grady et al. [29].
Smokeless tobacco may be a predisposing factor for loss of attachment in the maintenance phase of periodontal therapy with patients who susceptible to periodontitis due to affect some ecological, genetic, and host factors [30], and according to a recent study, there was an increase in the intensity of periodontal tissue destruction and minimal response to non-surgical periodontal therapy during tobacco consumption compared to do not tobacco consumption [31], and there was a correlation between consumption of tobacco and accumulation of dental plaque on teeth surfaces [32], which is in agreement with the clinical findings of the present study where there was an increase in periodontal destruction among wet snuff users (group II and III) more than patients who do not use wet snuff (group I). Furthermore, there was a reduction in response to conventional periodontal therapy and topical application of ascorbic acid solution in all visits of follow-up.
On the other hand and according to the results of another study, there was less improvement in clinical parameters with consumption of tobacco as compared with do not tobacco consumption in the 6- to 8-week after scaling and root planning, so we should know that the consumption of tobacco has passive effects on both conventional periodontal therapy and periodontal therapy with chemotherapeutic agents and this, is agreed, with the clinical finding of the present study where the results revealed that GII and GIII had PLI, GI and CAL more than GI (control group) at baseline and 4, and 6 weeks of the study intervals [33].
Clinical findings in baseline visits (first visit) are more important when comparing the response to treatment among two or more study groups in different follow-up visits. The current study groups exhibited similar clinical findings in the baseline visit of oral health status, inflammation of gingival tissues, and destructive periodontal diseases.
After mechanical periodontal therapy alone and with topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy, the measurement of clinical periodontal parameters appeared the decreased similarly in both the patients who use wet snuff and the patients who do not use wet snuff. These clinical findings are harmonious with a study conducted by De Genaro Modanese et al. indicated a similar decrease in PLI and GI and CAL in the smoker and non-smoker groups between baseline and 6months after mechanical periodontal therapy [34].
Some studies detected that the application of some chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of some types of periodontal diseases show limited improvements, consistent with the clinical findings of this study that certified there were slight improvement in clinical results of the patients treated with both mechanical periodontal therapy, and topical application of ascorbic acid solution than the clinical findings of the patients was treated with conventional periodontal treatment alone at the second and third visit as compared to the first visit [35] [36] [37]. These clinical findings agree with the study results of Yussif NM, et al. who reported, that there were improvements in the inflamed gingival tissue after topical application of vitamin C [38]. The reduction of plaque index in the second visit and third visit as compared with the first visit may be attributed to the effectiveness of the oral hygiene measures by the patients.
Despite we conducted the conventional periodontal therapy of all patients and topical application of ascorbic acid solution of the patients in group III. The gingival index indicates that there is moderate gingivitis with the patients who do not use wet snuff and severe gingivitis among the wet snuff users and wet snuff users who were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution at baseline (first visit) and after 4 weeks (second visit), and 6 weeks (third visit) of the study intervals. Moreover, plaque index shows that there is moderate plaque accumulation/moderate oral hygiene of the patients who do not use wet snuff and heavy plaque accumulation/poor oral hygiene among the wet snuff users and wet snuff users who were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution at baseline (first visit) and after 4 weeks (second visit), and 6 weeks (third visit) of the study intervals.
Finally, clinical attachment loss shows that there is a change of periodontitis from moderate to mild of the patients who do not use wet snuff, and there is a change from severe to moderate among the wet snuff users and wet snuff users who were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution at baseline (first visit) and after 4 weeks (second visit) and 6 weeks (third visit) of the study intervals. These clinical findings are identical to the study conducted by Yong H. Chu et al. using the same clinical parameters [39].
5. Strength and Limitations
The topical application of ascorbic acid solution was chosen in the present study rather than the topical dentifrice or gel to increase its superficial penetrating effect.
There were many limitations in the current study, such as the limited absorption of ascorbic acid, its ease of removal from oral mucosa when exposed to saliva. The improvement in the periodontal status led to increasing cooperation of the patients and enhanced their contentment to the end of the study. Therefore, we advise applying ascorbic acid solution injection in the periodontal pocket as an adjunctive method for treatment of periodontitis.
6. Conclusion
Despite the limitation of this study, it may be concluded that wet snuff users who are treated with both conventional periodontal therapy and topical application of ascorbic acid solution exhibit more improvement of destructive periodontal diseases. We suggest conducting additional studies include lab investigations with long follow-up durations, and moreover, using other topical application of chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of periodontal diseases among wet snuff users to develop the results of the present study.
Acknowledgements
The authors want to thank the dental students, interns, and staff members in the college of dentistry clinics, King Khalid University for, their beneficial helping.