According to the Binary Number Base System, Are the Square Roots of Two Numbers also Significant in Biochemistry? ()
1. Introduction and Calculation of the Square Root of Two Numbers [1] from Decimal Base System (10) to Binary Base System (2) and Binary Base System (2) to Decimal Base System (10)
The relationships between numbers and genetic codes are not only researched with pi numbers but also researched with the golden ratio numbers, too [2] . The name of this relationship research is called Quantum Perspective Model by Kevser Köklü [3] . Also, according to this model, this paper attempts to search the relationships between the square root of the number two and the genetic codes (see Table 1).
2. Methods and Discussion
The chemical structures of bases include Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H). Calculation of bases with chemical atoms (See also Table 2) (Ölmez T, 2020) [4] .
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Table 1. The representation of decimal numbers in the binary base and the representation of binary base numbers to the decimal base.
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Table 2. Representation of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G and U) in chemical atoms.
The atomic numbers of them: Carbon (C): 6, Nitrogen (N): 7, Oxygen (O): 8, Hydrogen (H): 1 (Wieser E M et al., 2013) [5] . The chemical structures of bases (A, T, C, G, and U) are shown below (Ölmez T, 2020) [4] .
(A) Adenine: C5H5N5: 70;
(T) Thymine: C5H6N2O2: 66,
(C) Cytosine: C4H5N3O1: 64,
(G) Guanine: C5H5N5O1: 78, and
(U) Uracil: C4H4N2O2: 58
(Lodish H et al., 2018) [6] .
Also in this research, genetic codes were used as a new formula (Nirenberg et al., 1965) [7] just like as (A, T, C, G, and U). (A) Adenine, (T) Thymine, (C) Cytosine, (G) Guanine, (U) Uracil. Before this work, the fourteen groups of Pi number can be shown as:
Continuous UTA’s by Kevser Köklü [3] . Also, another favorite sample of this research is done with velocity of light numbers by Kevser Köklü again [8] . Lastly, in another article with identical cis regulatory elements examined the links between the Golden Ratio numbers [2] . After all these studies, the square root of the two numbers and the genetic codes are now being investigated in relation to the Quantum Perspective Model.
3. Calculation of the Square Root of Two Numbers and Genetic Codes
The first two hundred digits of the square root of two after the comma are here:
1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694807317667973799073247846210703885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147010955997160597027453459686201472851741864088919860955232923048430871432145083976260362799525140.
At first, the first two digits after the comma were taken each time. For example, 41, 42, 13, 56, 23, 73, 09, 50, 48 … and so on. Then these numbers are found in the binary number system in Table 1. (For instance, “41”, 101001 and so on). Secondly, convert these binary numbers to decimal number base (For instance, “41” 101001; 10 = 2, 100 = 4 and 1 = 1). Thirdly, all decimal numbers are subjected to the addition process, respectively. (2 + 4 + 1 = 7). All of the first result of the addition is “75”. Just like as in Guanine (G): 78 (See also Table 2).
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This sequence can be shown as [GGATGTCTATTGAGTGACAA]. Let me try to explain this sequence with the “Quantum Perspective Model.” For example, The second groups of the square root of two after comma equal to Guanine (G): 80 with two more of Hydrogen bonds (H: 1). (Remember, See Table 2; Guanine (G): 78) This result could be the meaning of the square root of two sequence in groups [GGATGTCTATTGAGTGACAA]. The tenth groups of the square root of two after the comma is regarded as Thymine (T) with the one more of Hydrogen bond (H: 1). (Because the deviations in the calculation of the square root of two numbers can be derived from the Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) Hydrogen bonds because of Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) by two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G) pairs with by three hydrogen bonds [3] . The reason for the lack of hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonding is a very versatile attraction. (Ölmez T, 2020) [3] Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak and easily broken by increasing hardness (Farrell, 2010) [9] . During the calculation, the “EMPTY” numbers “00” are disregarded. According to the number-based system, the number “00” has no value, neither in the decimal nor in the binary-based system. According to binary encoding base system, on the case of current not passing, this means 0 (zero). That’s why, it can be the reason of disregardence of “EMPTY” “00” numbers. Please, ignore the “EMPTY” numbers “00” for calculation especially in tenth, twelwth and seventh groups.
4. Results
After searching the square root of two numbers result in [GGATGTCTATTGAGTGACAA] The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases, some conceptual relationships can be found with bony fish [10] . Types of bony fishes are based on DANIO RERIO (Zebra fish). (See Figure 1). Types of other living creatures are potato, dog, blunt-snouted clingfish, milk fish, Georgia icefish, gold fish, pinocone soldier fish, Indian glassy fish, house mouse, golden spiny mouse, Southern grassphopper mouse, South leopard coralgroupher, river trout, chimpanzee, Timema cristinae (insect), Timema monikensis, Timema poppensis, Chinook salmon, large flying fox, Danio khathit, Danio aesculapii, Zebra finch, small spotted catshark, pig and (See Figure 2). Danio khathit and Danio aesculapii have a similar genetic
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Figure 1. The NCBI (National Biotechnology Information Center) result blast tree view widget for “GGATGTCTATTGAGTGACAA” nucleotide sequence [13] .
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Figure 2. The NCBI (National Biotechnology Information Center) result for nucleotide sequence “GGATGTCTATTGAGTGACAA” [13] .
codes of Danio RERIO [11] . Another interesting result of NCBI is Timema. The longest known asexual period for Timema, including two species that have not engaged in sexual reproduction for a million years. Their eggs are about two mm long. One of the species of Timema is striped, which also shows camouflage function [12] . Asexuality in animals is rare, and the Timema-insect lineage that evolved without sex has been proven to have survived for centuries and even Timema reproduces asexually [13] .
5. Conclusions
The most widely used number digit system today is decimal. But in this work, the square root of two numbers has been converted from decimal base system to binary number base system. Both the common feature of binary numbers (0 or 1) and the square root of two contain two numbers [14] . When the digits of the Euler number after the comma are converted from the decimal (10) number base system to the binary (2) number base system, they correspond to the number “55” in the Fibonacci series (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55…) [4] . Likewise, in this research, binary (2) number base system is used, too.
Firstly, the results of this research can be summarized as obtaining the number of root two after the comma through the chemical structure of the genetic codes. Secondly, the root two digits after the comma can be thought of as an indicator of genetic codes. One of the results of both Biochemistry and Mathematics common features is the NCBI blast results. Because these include both bony fish and in particular the DANIO RERIO. Zebra fish are an excellent favorite example used in many studies related to Biochemistry and genome [3] . One of the common NCBI results of pi numbers and Euler numbers with the square of the speed of light is Zebra fish [3] [8] . Let alone this result, NCBI result for CAAT Box and TATA Box also consist of bony fishes (Remember, Zebra fish are kind of bony fish, too) [15] . Finally, the calculation results of the square of two numbers with genetic codes [especially (A) Adenine, (T) Thymine, (C) Cytosine, (G) Guanine and (U) Uracil] are related to both Biochemistry and Mathematics. In short, the digits of the square root of two after the comma can be attributed not only to numbers in Mathematics, but also to genetic codes in Biochemistry. In summary, this similarity may be the beginning of the mutual relations of the sciences on the basis of the Quantum Perspective Model. That is, genetic codes can be taken as a small unit of analysis from the same perspective as mathematical numbers.