Congenital Depressed Skull Fracture Due to Maternal-Fetal Trauma ()
1. Introduction
Head traumas occurring in the fetus outside obstetrical maneuvers are rare and poorly documented [1]. Car accidents with pregnant women on board are the main cause of these injuries [2]. When they reach the head of the fetus, these traumas can be responsible for complications such as developmental delay or cerebral palsy. Depressed skull fractures of the fetus secondary to a fall of a pregnant woman from her own height are exceptional. We report a congenital depressed skull fracture due to maternal-fetal trauma. Through this case, we will discuss diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
2. Case Report
A 28-year-old woman, primiparous, second gesture patient consulted her gynecologist as a precaution following a fall from her own height which occurred the same day; after tripping over while walking. The reception took place on the left flank. She did not complain of abdominal pain or bleeding. Her medical and surgical history was unremarkable apart from a normal vaginal delivery 2 years earlier. The obstetric examination was normal. The fetal heart sounds were audible at a rate of 96 beats per minute (bpm) and active fetal movements were present. The amniotic fluid examination was not performed. An obstetric ultrasound performed had shown an ongoing pregnancy. The fetus was in cephalic presentation without apparent anomaly. There was no retroplacental hematoma. The patient returned to her home without any special observation. one month later, after an eutocic vaginal delivery, she gave birth to a male newborn weighing 3600 grams with an Apgar of 8 at one and five minutes. On examination of the newborn, it was found a large depression, roughly circular on the left frontal measuring 4.5 centimeters in diameter and a maximum depth of 3 centimeters. There was no contusion and no skin bruising next to the depressed skull fracture (Figure 1). The fontanelles were without particularity. The transfontanellar ultrasound (TFU) found no brain contusion or intracranial hematoma. The indication of a lifting of the depressed skull fracture was proposed urgently. The newborn was operated on the 2nd day of life. This surgery consisted in making a drill hole one centimeter in diameter through an incision of 1.5 centimeters in the left frontal region at a few millimeters of the fracture (Figure 2). A Penfield dissector passing through the drill hole raised the depressed skull fracture by operating the lever. The operating procedure lasted 17 minutes. The baby was discharged from hospital 24 hours later. At 35 months of follow-up, the course was normal, marked by very good healing of the operating area and normal psychomotor development.
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Figure 1. Picture of newborn child. (a) Newborn first day of life; (b) Important left frontal depressed skull fracture.
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Figure 2. Surgical incision mark, 1.5 centimeters curved line of incision in frontal region + point of drill hole.
3. Discussion
Most trauma to the fetus are caused by car accidents, suicide, violence and war [3]. Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of trauma among pregnant women. They had concerned 2.8% of pregnant women in the United States [4]. Traumatic brain injuries can have a poor prognosis [5] [6]. They are often associated with a skull fracture and usually occur in the third trimester of pregnancy [6] [7]. The head trauma of the fetus due to the fall of the pregnant woman from her own height reported in our observation seems exceptional. We have not found a similar case in the literature. The depressed skull fracture of the left frontal bone of our fetus raises questions about its pathophysiology. Inside the uterus and in cephalic presentation, the fetus faces the spine so that its back and occipital region are facing forward. The fall of the pregnant with reception on the side should have caused a fracture of the occipital bone by direct impact and not of the left frontal bone. Therefore, depressed skull fracture could be the consequence of the frontal impact on the maternal spine. In case of suspected head trauma of the fetus, the gynecological and obstetric evaluation must include monitoring of his heart rate. This constitutes an appropriate method for checking his health state [8]. Changes in heart rate usually occur before the onset of fetal brain damage [9]. Examination of the amniotic fluid will help to identify abnormalities in favor of fetal distress. There is no specificity to suggest a fetal brain injury. An obstetric ultrasound in expert hands may be sufficient to make the antenatal diagnosis of lesions linked to a traumatic brain injury. It was not the case in our observation. In the immediate postnatal period, the transfontanellar ultrasound allowed us to evoke the absence of cerebral contusion and intracranial hemorrhage. Some authors have said that CT scan is the best test to assess posttraumatic brain damage to the fetus. According to them, the damage due to radiation would be much less than that caused by delayed diagnosis [8]. Others will go further by proposing a brain MRI [9] [10]. In our opinion, this examination would have a mainly prognostic value and we think that the transfontanellar ultrasound can be sufficient in certain cases to make the diagnosis of fetal cerebral lesions. Once the diagnosis has been made, management of the lesions becomes an emergency in order to avoid subsequent complications such as delayed neonatal development, hypotonia, blindness or even convulsions [8]. This therapeutic management most often involves surgery. Several operating techniques are possible, of which two are the most relevant. The minimal approach is the one we used in our observation (Figure 1). The best indication is a depressed skull fracture without cerebral lesions. The other option is to lift the depressed skull fracture through a large incision around the fracture, respecting the hairline and the vascular supply of the scalp (Figure 3). A craniectomy flap carrying the depressed skull fracture gives access to the underlying lesions which may be an extradural or subdural hematoma or even lesions of massive cerebral hemorrhagic contusion. Once the intracranial lesion is treated, the dura-mater is suspended and the cranial flap is returned to its place after the lifting of the depression. As in our patient, the result is good in case of early management in simple depressed skull fracture. The prognosis may be poor in the event of underlying lesions associated with the depressed skull fracture [6]. The treatment of these depressed skull fracture is controversial. It differs according to the authors. Indeed, some authors had proposed surgical abstention in view of the possibility of spontaneous reduction. Indeed, spontaneous resolution can occur because the skull of the newborn and the infant is thin and flexible and therefore susceptible to reshaping. [11]. Others, on the other hand, suggest surgical management. Between these 2 methods, there is resolution by suction maneuver, in particular using a suction cup or a breast pump. This last therapeutic modality, which can be done without general anesthesia, is not very aggressive and allows an immediate resolution [12] [13].
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Figure 3. Surgical mark of large incision, Large incision around skull depressed fracture which permit to make a shutter and evacuated hematoma under the fracture.
4. Conclusion
Congenital depressed skull fracture is a rare condition. Early diagnosis is possible in the antenatal period by carefully performed obstetric ultrasound. The severity of this condition is linked to the presence of underlying intracranial lesions. Emergency treatment will prevent or reduce neurological sequelae.
Consent
The informed consent of the parents has been obtained for the distribution of the images.