The Influence of Fence on Body Mass and Population Dynamics of Plateau Pika ()
1. Introduction
A lot of factors modulate mall mammal’s population dynamics, and food condition plays an important role [1]. Variations of food conditions can make the montane vole (Microtus montanus Peale) change its primary breeding period, and then influence its population dynamic [1]. Food supply can increase the population density of prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster Wagner) and root vole (Microtus oeconomus Pallas) and other small mammals [2] [3]. Food condition one of the most important factors that non-hibernation to go through the winter, high quality and quantity food can increase overwinter livability of adult individuals, and also can increase its litter size in the following breeding season [2]. And a study also indicated that lack of adequate food in the winter includes a major decline of vole populations in the absence of predators [4].
Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson) is one of the dominant small mammals in the alpine meadow ecosystem of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [5] [6]. It is aggravating the degradation of alpine meadow, for its high density in a degraded alpine meadow, digging activity and continuous grazing on the vegetation [7] [8] [9]. So people and the government used poisoning the pika, establish fence, sowing grass and so on to control the degradation of grassland in alpine meadow [10] [11]. Establish a fence is to prevent livestock grazing in the growing season. This changes vegetation condition in an alpine meadow, and then influence the quality and quantity of available food resources of small herbivore (like plateau pika) in cold and long winter, so its overwinter mission success rate, reproduction condition and population dynamics may changes. In order to determine the influence of establishing fences on plateau pika, we studied the body mass in spring, breeding status, the body mass of adult plateau pika in different seasons and the population dynamics of plateau pika in both areas of fences and no fences.
2. Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in northeast of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, about 30 km from the village of Senduo (35˚30'N, 101˚10'E; Alt.: 3400 - 3500 m), Guinan County of Qinghai Province, People’s Republic of China in April and September of 2006. The climate of this area in Qinghai-Tibet plateau is dry and cool; average amount of precipitation is about 400 mm, most rainfall occurs from June to August, and heavy snow-packs during winter are infrequent [12]. Vegetation in this area is typical Kobresia humilis (C. A. Mey. ex Trautv.) Serg. alpine meadow, most common monocotyledon are Kobresia sp., Elymus nutans Griseb., Stipa sp., and Carex sp.; and dicotyledon are Leontopodium nanum (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Hand.-Mazz., Gentiana sp., Potentilla sp., Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge, Thalictrum alpinum L., and Stellera chamaejasme L.
We selected two study sites according to the condition of fence and grazing. The study sites are not far away from each other, and are all flat, open and large enough (both about more than 20 hm2). The details of the study sites are in Table 1.
In early April, most plants in the study sites are not sprout, so we measured the height and coverage percent of standing litter; and in late September most
plants are not dead, so height and coverage percent of vegetation were measured. In both study areas, 10 study plots of 50 × 50 cm were selected in a line randomly. The height of vegetation was measured by ruler, and the coverage percent of monocotyledon and dicotyledon were measured using eye-free method. The total coverage percent of monocotyledon and dicotyledon was the coverage percent of vegetation. Walked transects [13] were used to measure the abundance of plateau pika between 10:00 and 11:00, which is the period when almost all plateau pikas are present on the surface [14]. An observer counted all plateau pikas in a 20-m wide belt transect, with counts recorded for each of 10 contiguous 100-m sections in each study site, then repeated it the following day. Population density (Pd) was calculated use formula as follows:
[15]
In which n is the number of plateau pika in each section, and a is the length of each section, b is the width of belt transect. In this study, a equals 100 m and b is 20 m.
All pikas were trapped in a core area of each study site using live-trap method. Make the record of sex, age, breeding status and body mass of all the plateau pikas which were trapped. Then left the pikas in the exact position where they were trapped. No pika was inactive during the trapping.
Average height of vegetation, coverage percent of vegetation, monocotyledon and dicotyledon, population density and body mass are all normal numerical value, so we used one-way ANOVA to test the difference between each study site. For spermary drop condition of plateau is non-numerical value, Chi-Squre Test was used to test its difference.
3. Results
In early April, most of the plants in the study area are not sprout, and most of the available food of pika is standing litter. The average height of standing litter in area B was significant higher than that of area A (Figure 1(a); F = 6.657, df = 1.19, p = 0.019; one-way ANOVA) Figure 1(a); and the same result was found on the coverage of standing dicotyledon (Figure 1(d); F = 7.579, df = 1.19, p = 0.013; one-way ANOVA); coverage percent of standing litters and standing monocotyledon in area B were much higher than that of area A, but with no significant difference (Figure 1(b), Figure 1(c); F = 1.706, df = 1.19, p = 0.203; F = 0.379, df = 1.19, p = 0.546; one-way ANOVA). In September, average height and coverage percent of vegetation in area B were highly significant higher than that of area B (Figure 1(a), Figure 1(b); F = 13.696, df = 1.19, p = 0.002; F = 12.088, df = 1.19, p = 0.003; one-way ANOVA). Coverage percent of monocotyledon of area A was lower than that of area B, but without significant difference (Figure 1(c); F = 2.62, df = 1.19, p = 0.123; one-way ANOVA).
In early April, body mass of both male and female adult pikas of area A were significant lower than that of area B (Figure 2; ♀: F = 6.583, df = 1.20, p = 0.019; ♂: F = 6.49, df = 1.17, p = 0.021; one-way ANOVA). In September, average body mass of adult female pikas was almost the same in two areas (Figure 3; F = 0.001, df = 1.23, p = 0.975; one-way ANOVA). Compare to April, body mass of adult female of both areas increased highly significantly (Figure 3; A:F = 121.713,
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Figure 1. Average heights of vegetation, total cover percent, cover percent of monocotyledon and dicotyledon of different study areas in April and September. (a) Average heights of vegetation; (b) Total cover percent; (c) Cover percent of monocotyledon; (d) Cover percent of dicotyledon.
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Figure 2. Weight of plateau pika of different study sites in April.
df = 1.22, p < 0.001; B:F = 105.819, df = 1.20, p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA). Because we did not trap enough adult male and sub-adult pikas, so the difference of body mass of adult male and sub-adult pikas was not compared in September.
During the study period in April, the ratio of spermary drop of adult male were not the same (A: 57.14% vs B: 92.31%): we trapped 7 adult male in area A, and 4 of these spermary dropped, in area B was 12 and 11. But the drop of spermary in two areas showed no significant difference (χ2 = 1.433, df = 1, p = 0.231; Chi-Square Tests).
Population density of pika was much higher in September than that in April (Figure 4). Population densities of pika in area A were much higher than those of area B in April, and without significant difference (F = 2.388, df = 1.38, p = 0.131; one-way ANOVA), but in September, population density of pika was significant lower than those of area B (F = 7.534, df = 1.38, p = 0.009; one-way ANOVA).
4. Discussion
Average height and coverage percent of vegetation were increased inside of fence (Figure 1), because the grazing of livestock in plant’s growing season was limited. And this can give more available food resources for herbivore, specifically
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Figure 3. Weight of adult female plateau pika of different study sties in April and September.
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Figure 4. Population densities of plateau pika of different study sties in April and September.
good conditions for small non-hibernate mammal in winter.
Body mass of adult plateau pika in livestock grazing all-year round area (A) was significant lower than that of area with fence where livestock only grazing in winter (B) (Figure 2), and the probable reason is that livestock’s grazing in the growing season limited the growth of plant, the productivity of those areas decrease, the quality and quantity of food resource for plateau pika in winter and early spring decrease, and the pika did not get enough food. Compared to area (B) livestock grazing only in winter, in livestock grazing all-year round area (A), the difference between the coverage percent of standing litters and monocotyledon were not significant, but the coverage percent of standing dicotyledon showed significant decrease (Figure 1). The ratio of dicotyledon in plateau pika’s food resource is much higher in the winter and spring [16], so monocotyledon in livestock grazing all-year round area is less than area livestock grazing only in winter, maybe is one of the reasons body mass of plateau pika is much lower in this area.
Body mass of adult female plateau pika in two study areas was almost the same in September (Figure 3), and the possible reason was that in the growing season plateau pika’s food resource is adequate and rich in nutrition. And the day also was much longer, they have enough time for looking for food, so the food was not a factor that limit its growth. Compared to April, adult female plateau pika’s body mass increased significantly in September, so the pika’s body mass had seasonal changes, and pika can increase its body mass to through the shortage of food resource and extreme environment in winter. And this result was not accordant with the result of body mass of plateau pika has no seasonal changes in the library [17], we thought that in the library the plateau pika did not faced with the shortage of food as it in the field, so the connatural body mass change in the natural environment changed in the library. The increase in body mass, was beatification for plateau pika to through the long period of winter, is an adaptation to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
In the same time, the ratio of spermary drop of adult male in area with fence, and it meant the pika begins reproduction much earlier there, so did the female. There was no significant difference between the ratios of spermary drop of adult male in the study areas. Maybe sample size was not enough was the reason. Population density of plateau pika in area with fence was lower than that of area without fence in April, but the result was contrary, it indicated that in area with fence the ratio of population increase was much higher, changes of food conditions in winter can promote its reproduction, made its population increased much more quickly. This maybe also was one of the probable reasons that the population of plateau pika increased quickly after poisoning. A study in Naqu of Tibet also showed similar results [13].
5. Conclusion
Construction of fences and the following changes of livestock management make the cover percent and average height of vegetation changed, increases the quality and quantity of food available to plateau pika in winter. Changes of quality and quantity of food that available to plateau pika in winter can depress the range of reducing body mass of plateau pika, make breeding season ahead, and then promote the increase of population.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Applied Basic Research Programs of Qinghai Province (2017-ZJ-714) and CAS “Light of West China” Program.