Study on the Influence of Saturated Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids on the Solubility of Their Norfloxacin Salts ()
1. Introduction
Salt formation is one of the effective means to improve the physicochemical properties of drug molecules and improve their pharmaceutical properties, which can change the solubility of drugs, improve their compliance, improve their stability and reduce their adverse reactions. In drug development, salt formation can also be used to extend the patent protection period of drugs or circumvent their patent protection [1]. In the development of salt-forming drugs, the factors such as pKa value and safety of acid or base used for salt formation, administration route and dosage form after salt formation, homoionic effect, etc. should be considered comprehensively, and the key is to select the appropriate salt form [2] [3]. Norfloxacin (NFX) is potent fluoroquinolone antibacterial compounds, which are widely used in the treatment of various bacterial infections [4]. NFX has low solubility and poor permeability at neutral pH (BCS class IV) [5]. In order to change its water solubility and increase its bioavailability, succinic acid, malonic acid, and maleic acid salts and isonicotinamide cocrystal were successively synthesized [6]. NFX fumarates [7] showed a moderate 3-fold enhancement in solubility. Norfloxacin with artificial sweeteners such as saccharin and acesulfame salts [8]. NFX salts with benzenedicarboxylic acids, the aqueous solubility of NFX is increased after the formations of all salts except terephthalate [9]. Multidrug salt forms of NFX with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [10]. Saccharin salts of NFX [11]. Drug-Drug Salt Hydrate of Norfloxacin and Sulfathiazole [12]. However, the literature has not systematically studied the effect of acid salting with it on its solubility. It could be anticipated that NFX drugs with linear saturated dicarboxylic acids may have a considerable improvement in solubility and it is also reasonable to speculate that the higher solubility of the salts could translate into higher bioavailability. In this contribution, we demonstrate the syntheses, characteristics, and solubility of pharmaceutical salts assembled by zwitterionic hydrogen-bonding interactions between NFX and diverse linear saturated dicarboxylic acids (Figure 1).
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
Norfloxacin (NFX, purity > 99%) was purchased from Zhejiang Lepu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, which are anhydrous oxalic acid (OXA, purity ≥ 99%), malonic acid (MAL, purity > 99.5%), succinic acid (SUC, purity > 99.5%), glutaric acid (GLU, purity > 99%) and adipic acid(ADI, purity > 99%), were purchased from Energy Chemical. Potassium bromide (purity ≥ 99.5%, FTIR grade) was purchased from Aladdin.
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Figure 1. Structures of norfloxacin and saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids used in the study.
Methanol (purity ≥ 99.5%), ethanol (purity ≥ 99.7%) and acetonitrile (purity ≥ 99%) were purchased from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
2.2. Salt Preparation
1) Grinding Experiments. Approximately 200 - 400 mg mixture of NFX and acid were added according to 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 stoichiometric ratios in an agate mortar. After grinding evenly without liquid, two drops of purified water were added to grinding for about 10 - 15 minutes. The resulting powder was air-dried and then stored in sample bottles.
2) Single-Crystal Growth. About 8 mL of purified water, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile with different volume ratios were added into the above bottles as solvents, heated to dissolve completely, and then naturally cooled to room temperature and evaporated to crystallize. After the solution was crystallized and filtered, the resulting crystals were washed with a few drops of purified water and air-dried naturally.
2.3. Characterization Methods
1) Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy. A Bruker VERTEX 70 Fourier infrared spectrometer and potassium bromide tabletting method were used in this paper, with the scanning wavenumber range 4000 - 400 cm−1 and the resolution of 4 cm−1.
2) Powder X-ray Diffraction. The Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer of Japan Science was selected for scanning and analysis under the parameters of radiation source Cu/Kα (λ = 0.154 nm), power supply setting of 40 kV, 40 mA, 2theta scanning range of 5˚ - 40˚, scanning step of 0.04˚, and scanning speed of 5˚/min.
2.4. Solubility Studies
1) Drawing of Standard Curve. A sufficient amount (70 mg) of NFX was placed in a 250 mL volumetric flask, purified water was added to the calibration line, placed in a constant temperature shaker at 25˚C and 150 rpm for 24 h, filtered, and the obtained solid was dried to constant weight in DHG Series Heating and Drying Oven (Shanghai Jinghong, China), and the remaining solid was weighed at 24 mg. The filtrate with the concentration of 0.184 mg/mL was diluted to 50 mL by measuring 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4 and 1.7 mL of filtrate. The standard curve was drawn by measuring the absorbance of UV-5500PC spectrophotometer (Metash, China) at λmax 276 nm (Figure 2). The linear regression equation y = 0.1175x + 0.0085 and R2 = 0.9993 were obtained.
2) Determination of Salt Solubility. Each group of NFX salts, which were excessively powdered, were suspended in 4 mL of water in spiral-capped glass bottles. These vials were placed in a TS-2102C constant temperature shaker (Shanghai Tiancheng, China) at 25˚C and 150 rpm for 72 hours, and then rested for another 72 hours. The filtrate was filtered with a disposable 2.5 mL sterile syringe and a filter head of 0.45 μm. The filtrate was collected and fully diluted. The apparent water solubility was calculated by measuring the absorbance of each group of NFX salts in water using Metash UV-5500PC spectrophotometer at λmax 276 nm.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Screening Experiments
NFX salts with oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, and adipic acid were prepared, and their crystal structures were determined [6] [13] [14]. Here we screening NFX-GLU by cooling crystallization. Screening process were shown in Table 1.
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Figure 2. FTIR spectra of NFX, GLU, and their salts of 3 ratios.
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Table 1. Screening process of norfloxacin glutarate.
3.2. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectromete, FTIR) Analysis
FTIR spectra of NFX, GLU, and their salts were shown in Figure 2.
Among the salts formed by different ratios of NFX and GLU, the stretching vibration 3434 cm−1 absorption peak of N-H originally attributed to the NFX piperazine ring was red shifted to different degrees. When the two were mixed 1:1, the absorption peak at this point was 3403 cm−1, 3401 cm−1 at 2:1, and 3398 cm−1 at 1:2, in which the red shift is most obvious when mixing with 1:2, while there is no obvious change in the characteristic band region 1600 - 1750 cm−1 of the carbonyl part of NFX and NFX-GLU. This suggests that the protons on the GLU carboxyl group may transfer to the N-H of the NFX piperazine ring, and combine with it to form -
, forming a salt.
3.3. (Powder X-Ray Diffraction, PXRD) Analysis
When feeding at 1:1, new characteristic peaks appeared in the images at 5.64, 12.00, 14.84, 17.08, 19.92, 25.88 and 27.96 degrees. When feeding at 2:1, new characteristic peaks appeared at 5.72, 12.08, 14.92, 17.12, 20.00, 25.96 and 28.12 degrees. When feeding at 1:2, new characteristic peaks appeared at 5.64, 12.00, 14.84, 17.06, 19.94, 25.88 and 27.96 degrees. The characteristic peaks, on the whole, seem to be very similar in their peak patterns, and the peaking angles are relatively close. However, the characteristic peaks of 10.56 degrees and 25.02 degrees attributed to NFX and 13.77 degrees, 19.54 degrees, 27.23 degrees and 37.34 degrees attributed to GLU disappeared. This is in line with the characteristics of the formation of new substances (salts), from which it can be speculated that there may be only one crystal form of salt formed when NFX and GLU are fed at 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 (see Figure 3).
3.4. Solubility Studies
The pKa values of NFX and saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids used and solubility data for NFX and its salts are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The solubility in pured water medium shows a clear increase in the solubility of the drug when in the form of of the carboxylate salts. Solubility of NFX was 0.343 mg/mL, this is in agreement with the reference value (0.28 mg/mL) that indirectly validates our solubility method.
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Table 2. pKa values of norfloxacin and saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids used.
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Table 3. Solubility Data for Norfloxacin and its salts.
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Figure 3. PXRD patterns of NFX, GLU, and their salts of 3 ratios.
The solubility of saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids salts was improved to 7.6 - 80.7 times. It is difficult to correlate solubility with pKa or ΔpKa. This may have a certain relationship with the accumulation of different crystals. Among them, the solubility of NFX glutarate is as high as 27.695 mg/mL.
4. Conclusion
A series of norfloxacin salts of saturated aliphatic dicarboxylates were synthesized to confirm the proton transfer of hydrogen bonding and control their solubilities. The aqueous solubility of norfloxacin is increased after the formations of all salts. However, it is difficult to correlate solubility with pKa or ΔpKa. How the hydrogen-bonding interactions influence the solubility, crystal packing analyses still need to be carried out. It is anticipated that the bioavailability of norfloxacin may also be increased after the formation of such salts, and further studies on other fluoroquinolone salts are encouraged.
Acknowledgements
The financial support from Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Research Project (LGJ20B060001).