Influence of UVB-Irradiation on the Structures and Solid Particle Erosion Resistance for CF/PC Composites ()
1. Introduction
Polycarbonate (PC) is a ductile polymer with excellent physical and chemical properties, such as good thermodynamic stability, high strength and high temperature resistance [1]. However, the aging of PC products is inevitable in the process of service due to temperature, light, heat and other environmental factors [2]. Among them, ultraviolet aging plays a major role.
Ultraviolet aging of polycarbonate has been extensively studied. It has been reported that PC exposure to ultraviolet radiation induces a series of complex chemical reactions, which leads to degradation of the material and fracture of molecular chains [3] [4] [5]. Rivaton et al. [6] found that chemical bonds in PC chains(C-C, C-O, and C-H, etc.) are easily excited and destroyed by ultraviolet light. Diepens et al. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] consider that photo-fries rearrangement reaction takes place in polycarbonate with ultraviolet of wavelength less than 300 nm, while photo-oxidation aging mainly occurs when the ultraviolet wavelength is larger than 300 nm.
In order to improve the ultraviolet aging resistance of PC products, carbon fiber (CF) with good chemical stability was used in this work. The aging process of CF/PC composites by ultraviolet B rays (UVB) was investigated. The variation of functional groups after UVB was measured by FTIR. The effects of UVB on solid particle erosion for CF/PC composites were evaluated in this work.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
Makrolon series PC from Covestro was used. T700SC-3K Carbon fiber (CF) supplied was also provided by Covestro with a density of 1.5 g/cm3. Unidirectional tapes were laid at different directions (0˚/90˚/+45˚/−45˚/−45˚/+45˚/90˚/0˚) to manufacture a prepreg laminate. The prepreg with a thickness of 2 mm has a CF content of 60 wt%. The ultraviolet aging was conducted in a spray (ZN-P model) UV aging box (Shanghai Linpin Company). Samples were exposed to medium wave ultraviolet (UVB) light for different times (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 h) at 60˚C.
2.2. Characterizations
The change of internal microstructure of the CF/PC composites during UVB aging was characterized by FTIR (Nicolet 6700, USA) instrument. The data were collected in a range from 650 to 4000 wave numbers. The resolution was 4 cm−1. Each sample was scanned for 64 times. The variation of sand erosion resistance for the CF/PC composites with different aging times was conducted at room temperature (25˚C) using a gas jet equipment (STR-9060). Specimens were cut into strips of 35 ´ 12 mm2 in dimension and fixed on a steel plate. During the experiment solid particles were driven by flowing air (0.34 MPa) from a B4C nozzle and impacted on surface of the samples. The particles used were silicon carbide (SiC) with average diameter of between 300-800 µm. The distance between the samples and the nozzle was 30 mm. Each sample was eroded at 30˚. The weight loss was measured and calculated from the formula:
.
where M0 is the initial sample weight, Mt is the weight after erosion. The results were averaged by seven groups of data. The eroded surfaces of CF/PC composites before and after UVB irradiation were characterized by JSM-7500F scanning electron microscope (SEM).
3. Results and discussion
Possible chemical reaction of CF/PC composites under UVB irradiationis was shown schematically in Figure 1. Based on the research results of Diepens et al. [11] and our infrared test analysis, we found that both photo-fries and photo-oxygen aging occur for CF/PC composites when exposure to UVB irradiation.
PC absorbed photons to produce free radicals. Further, methyl salicylate and 2,2’-dihydroxybenzophenoneresulted are products of free radicals rearranging and recombining. Photo-oxygen aging occurs when CF/PC composites are subjected to UVB under aerobic conditions. The dimethy groups between two benzene rings in PC chain were oxidized to form free radicals. Finally, ketones, phenols and carboxylic acids were formed through a series of complex reactions [12] [13].
In order to verify the aging mechanism of composites under ultraviolet light, CF/PC composites were tested and analyzed by FTIR. The results are displayed in Figure 2. A small absorption peak can be observed at 1597 cm−1 (from Figure 2(a)) after irradiation, and the intensity of the absorption peak increases as the irradiation time increase. However, there was no absorption peak at this position of unaged samples. By referring to Figure 1, we can say that the absorption at 1597 cm−1 was caused by the free vibration of the carbonyl group in 2,2’-dihydroxybenzophenone. This indicates that the Photo-fries rearrangement occurs in CF/PC composites under UVB irradiation.
The absorption peak of irradiated samples increases significantly compared to that unaged at 1770 cm−1, indicating the formation of carboxylic acid groups. At the same time, the sample has a prominent peak at 1400 - 1360 cm−1 after ultraviolet aging, which is caused by the absorption vibration of hydroxyl groups (see Figure 2(b)). The production of carboxyl group proves that the photo-oxygen aging reaction occurred under the action of ultraviolet radiation. Both photo-fries rearrangement and photo-oxygen aging produce hydroxyl groups.
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Figure 1. Reaction of polycarbonate under ultraviolet irradiation.
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Figure 2. FTIR spectra of CF/PC composites for different aging time.
Besides, the absorption peaks of aliphatic C-H bonds are in the range of 3000 - 2800 cm−1 and 3100 - 3000 cm−1. This provides further evidence of the photo-oxygen reaction. We can observe that CF/PC composites have a slight increase of the infrared absorption peaks in the range of 3000 - 2800 cm−1 and 3100 - 3000 cm−1 after aging. This indicates that the formation of aliphatic C-H bonds increased after ultraviolet irradiation. Indeed, Figure 2 fact agrees with Figure 1 theory perfectly.
The rigid groups of phenols and ketonesmay increase the surface hardness of materials [13]. Meanwhile, the recombination of free radicals prompts more density molecular chain. Therefore, the macroscopic properties of CF/PC composites (such as the surface hardness and solid particle erosion resistance) were affected by UVB ultraviolet irradiation.
The erosion rate of CF/PC composites as a function of aging time is shown in Figure 3. The erosion rate of CF/PC composites increases first and then decreases, which means that the solid particle erosion resistance of the material first decreases and then slightly increases. On the whole, UVB radiation results in the degradation of solid particle erosion resistance for CF/PC composites. The solid particle erosion resistance of the samples aged for 15 h decreased by 13.9% compared with the unaged specimens. However, the erosion resistance of CF/PC composites improved after 15 hours, to about 8.2% lower than that of the unaged samples.
There are two causes of ultraviolet aging on the internal structure of materials. On one hand, the production of phenols/ketones that contain benzene rings enhanced the surface hardness of CF/PC after photo-oxidative aging. The solid particles erosion resistance decreases with the increase of surface hardness. Therefore, the erosion resistance of samples aged for 15 hours was seriously reduced. On the other hand, as aging progresses, the crack grows in depth under sand erosion, some small particles embedded in the cracks and voids, giving the appearance of less material weight loss.
The failure mode of CF/PC composites includes matrix stripping, fiber fracture and material removal. Under 30˚ erosion angle, the CF/PC composite is subjected to significant shear deformation. The eroded surfaces of CF/PC composites without aging are shown in Figure 4(a) & Figure 4(b). From those two pictures, it is clear that only the matrix on the surface was damaged, and the wear of the fiber was very low, indicating that the PC matrix of unaged material has better erosion resistance. At the same time, it can be seen that the interface between fiber and matrix of unaged samples are well integrated.
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Figure 3. Sand erosion tests of CF/PC composites, 30˚, 1 min, 50 psi.
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Figure 4. Surface morphologies of CF/PC composites: ((a), (b)): Unaged; ((c), (d)): Aging for 15 h; ((e), (f)): Aging for 60 h.
After 15 and 60 h aging, a small amount of matrix was attached to the fiber surface (see Figures 4(c)-(f)) compared with the unaged material (see Figure 4(a), Figure 4(b)). Figure 4(c) & Figure 4(d) shows that matrix stripping and fiber fracture occurred on material under 15 h ultraviolet aging after sand erosion. The material is peeled off and a large number of fibers are exposed. Deep cracks and smooth fiber bundle can be clearly observed. Deep cracks and gullies can be seen on the surface of specimens after 60 hours of UVB aging (see from Figure 4(e), Figure 4(f)). Some small erosion particles, powder and micro debris buried in the crack, which are difficult to get out of the material. This is the reason that the solid particle erosion resistance of the CF/PC composite in Figure 3 decreased first and then increased.
4. Conclusion
This work presents the effects of UVB irradiation on the structure and erosion resistance properties for CF/PC composites. After UVB irradiation, both photo-fries rearrangement and photo-oxygenation occurred in CF/PC composites. The plasticization and degradation of the material surface reduce its solid particle erosion resistance. The results of SEM further demonstrate the decrease of interface bonding for CF/PC composites after ultraviolet aging.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11432003), 111 Project (D18023), Foundation of Henan (162300410246), and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment of DUT (GZ18203).