1. Introduction
Nd:YAG crystal is the most widely used solid-state laser medium due to its excellent optical and mechanical properties. Generally, most of the researches on Nd:YAG lasers focused on 4F3/2 - 4I11/2 transition at the 1064 nm wavelength and also focused on how to develop the Nd:YAG resonator in this wavelength [2].
2. Theory
The design of the thin film reflectors for 1064 nm are Air/(HL)45/substrate where n is a real number. These reflectors consist of layers of two different materials alternately deposited on a substrate. Each layer has a thickness of one-quarter of the reference wavelength (1064 nm) [3]. The large difference between the refractive indices of the materials can improve the optical characteristics of the filters. The materials used here were HfO2/Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO, and Ta2O5 + TiO2. Table 1 gives full details of the transmittance spectrum for different materials with varying thickness and the results of the different reflectors which were designed by alternating dielectric multilayer films using H for a high index and L for a low index, to meet the requirements of the high reflection for 1064 nm, for full information of these dielectric materials [4].
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Table 1. Main parameters for filters designed from dielectric materials as reflectors of dielectric materials 1064 nm.
Figures 1-3 show the relationship between reflectance (%) and the wavelength in the range between 800 to 1400 nm for different reflectors materials with maximum reflectance at 1064 nm. We need to titrate these different materials to choose the best material for a back mirror of Nd: -YAG Laser (1064 nm).
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Figure 1. Reflectance (%) of HfO2/Y2O3 in the range between 800 and 1400 nm.
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Figure 2. Reflectance (%) of Sc2O3 + MgO in the range between 800 and 1400 nm.
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Figure 3. Reflectance (%) of Ta2O5 + TiO2 in the range between 800 and 1400 nm.
Also, Table 1 gives the full details of the reflectance spectra for the different materials chosen to design good reflectors for 1064 nm. The optimal design, with certain optical parameters, of the components using admittance loci analysis is simple, easy, and promising [5]. By using the thin-film account and the help of the program one can get good results for the reflector with various thicknesses. The results showed that the majority of these multi-layered dielectric materials are suitable for Nd-YAG back mirrors.
3. Titrations and Results of Three Dielectric Materials HfO2 + Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO, and Ta2O5 + TiO2
To examine the performance of the other oxides, different samples composed of HfO2/Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO and Ta2O5 + TiO2 were used to design high reflectance and low transmittance mirrors for Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) and titration them with each other in reflectance, Full width at half maximum (FWHM), physical thicknesses, optical thickness, geometric thickness, and incident angles.
The first titration: the reflectance (%) for materials.
Figure 4 shows the reflectance (%) for each dielectric material to the 1064 nm. The value of reflectance (%) is almost the same for all-dielectric materials with
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Figure 4. The reflectance (%) for different samples composed of different oxides.
no clear difference [6]. Because of this, we need other standards for choosing the best dielectric materials, which have better properties.
The second titration: the different dielectric materials with full width at half maximum (FWHM).
Figure 5 shows a Full width at half maximum (FWHM) for each dielectric material to the 1064 nm. The value of Full width at half maximum (FWHM) is nearly the same for all-dielectric materials with no difference. Because of this, we need other standards for choosing the best dielectric materials, which have better properties for Nd-YAG back mirrors [7].
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Figure 5. Comparison between the FWHM for three dielectric materials (HfO2 + Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO, and Ta2O5 + TiO2).
The third titration: the physical thickness (nm) for the materials.
The relationship between the total physical thickness [8] for thin-film coating and the types of material is shown in Figure 6. The thin film with the lowest physical thickness is Ta2O5 + TiO2 which equals 8697.75 nm. The second one is Sc2O3 + MgO which equals 10,809.16 nm. The third one is HfO2/Y2O3, which equals 13,089.07 nm. The dielectric material (Ta2O5 + TiO2) is the best in the manufacturing of mirrors because it has the lowest thickness. Directly one can suggest (Ta2O5 + TiO2) as an aback mirror for 1064 nm.
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Figure 6. The physical thickness (nm) for different oxides mixtures.
The fourth titration: the geometric thickness for different oxides material.
Figure 7 shows the geometric thickness for different oxides material.
The smallest value of geometric thickness is for Ta2O5 + TiO2 which equals 8.2 then for Sc2O3 + MgO which equals 10.2 and finally is for HfO2/Y2O3, which equals 13.3. In thin-film coating, the smallest geometric thickness provides better coating [9]. Therefore, Ta2O5 + TiO2 material is the best to act as a back mirror for 1064 nm.
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Figure 7. Relationship between the reflectance of different dielectric materials and total geometric thickness.
The fifth titration: the optical thickness for different oxide materials.
Figure 8 shows the optical thickness for different oxide materials.
The smallest value of optical thickness is for Ta2O5 + TiO2, which equals 71 then for Sc2O3 + MgO which equals 72 and finally is which is HfO2/Y2O3 equals
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Figure 8. Relationship between different dielectric materials and total optical thickness.
90. In thin-film coating, the smallest optical thickness (depth thickness) provide better coating [10]. Therefore, Ta2O5 + TiO2 material is the best to act as a back Nd-YAG Laser mirror.
The sixth titration: the relationship between the incidence angles and reflectance (%) for the oxides.
The materials Ta2O3 + TiO2, Sc2O3 + MgO, and HfO2 + Y2O3 with refractive indices 2.10000/2.25000, 1.85000/1.70000 and 1.88867/1.77300, respectively, were titrated with incidence angle. The filters designed of these oxides are ((LH)n) the wavelength reference was 1064 nm. Previous analyses showed that the reflectance (%), physical thickness, optical thickness, geometric thickness and Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of these three materials were almost similar in this demand. Therefore, the titration between the incidence angle and reflectance of oxide materials Ta2O3 + TiO2, Sc2O3 + MgO and HfO2 + Y2O3 are needed. The results are listed in Table 2 and Table 3.
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Table 2. The incidence angles of dielectric materials in P-Polarized light and Reflectance (%) of the used materials.
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Table 3. The incidence angles of dielectric materials in S-Polarized light and Reflectance (%) of the used materials.
From the two figures (Figure 9 and Figure 10), we can see that the oxide materials Ta2O3 + TiO2 have reflectance changed slightly with the incidence angle compared with the rest of the dielectric materials in P and S-polarized light. When we take into account all previous analyses and titrations of all oxide materials [11], we find that Ta2O3 + TiO2 is the best compared to the rest of the dielectric materials. The results proved that this material is the best to be used as a back mirror for Nd:YAG Laser (1064).
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Figure 9. The reflectance of P-polarized light as a function of incidence angles for three dielectric materials (HfO2 + Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO, and Ta2O5 + TiO2).
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Figure 10. The reflectance of S-polarized light as a function of incidence angles for three dielectric materials (HfO2 + Y2O3, Sc2O3 + MgO, and Ta2O5 + TiO2).
4. Conclusions
From the obtained results, one can conclude that:
1) The best reflector among the chosen materials was Ta2O3 + TiO2 with reflectivity for 1064 nm equal to 99.9%.
2) Among the chosen materials one can build Nd-YAG resonator composed of Ta2O3 + TiO2 with 66 Layers as the back mirror.
3) By applying the one-quarter of the reference wavelength (1064 nm) in the calculations for thin film, the best results for Nd-YAG mirrors resonator were achieved.