[1]
|
Jernigan, D.H. and Obot I.S. (2006) Thirsting for the African market. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 5, 57-70.
|
[2]
|
Rocha Silva, L. (2001) The nature and extent of drug use among South Africa young people: A review of research conducted between the mid 1970s and the mid 1990s. CADRE-Centre for Alcohol/Drug Related Research, Pretoria.
|
[3]
|
World Health Organization (2004) Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. Geneva.
|
[4]
|
World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva.
|
[5]
|
Babor, T., Higgins Biddle, J., Saunders, J. and Monteiro, M. (2001) AUDIT The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd Edition, WHO/MSD/MSB/01.6 World Health Organization, Geneva.
|
[6]
|
Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor T.F., De La Fuente J.R. and Grant, M. (1993) Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791-804.
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
|
[7]
|
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (2000) Alcohol involvement over the life course. In: Tenth Special Report to the US Congress on Alcohol and Health: Highlights from Current Research. Department of Health and Human Service NIAA.2853, Bethesda.
http://pubs.niaa.nih.gov/ publications/10report/intro.pdf
|
[8]
|
Blomqvist, J. (1999) Treated and untreated recovering from alcohol misuse: Environmental influences and perceived reasons for change. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 1371-1406. doi:10.3109/108260 89909029389
|
[9]
|
Rehm, J., Room, R., Monterion, M., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Rehn, N., et al. (2004) Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factor. WHO, Geneva, 960-1108.
|
[10]
|
Marlatt, G.A. and Gordon, J.R. (1985) Relapse prevention. Guilford Press, New York.
|
[11]
|
Rychtarik, R.G., Prue, D.M., Rapp, S.R. and King, A.C. (1992) Self-efficacy, aftercare, and relapse in a treatment program for alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 53, 435-440.
|
[12]
|
Blomqvist, J. (1999) Treated and untreated recovering from alcohol misuse: environmental influences and perceived reasons for change. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 1371-1406. doi:10.3109/1082 6089909029389
|
[13]
|
Miller, W.R., Walters, S.T. and Bennett, M.E. (2001) How effective is alcoholism treatment in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 62, 211-220.
|
[14]
|
Monahan, S. and Finney, J. (1996) Explaining abstinence rates following treatment for alcohol abuse. A quantitative synthesis of patient, research design, and treatment effects. Addiction, 91, 787-805.
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03575.x
|
[15]
|
Brown, S.A., Vik, P.W., Patterson, T.L., Grant, I. and Schuckit, M.A. (1995) Stress, vulnerability, and alcohol relapse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 56, 538-545.
|
[16]
|
Connors, G.J., Maisto, S.A. and Zywiak, W.H. (1996) Understanding relapse in the broader context of posttreatment functioning. Addiction, 91, 173-189.
doi:10.1080/09652149638908
|
[17]
|
Miller, W.R., Westerberg, V.S., Harris, R.J., and Tonigan J.S. (1996) What predicts relapse? Prospective testing of antecedent models. Addiction, 91, 155-171.
doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443. 91.12s1.7.x
|
[18]
|
Yates, W.R., Booth, B.M., Reed, D.A., Brown, K. and Masterson, B.J. (1993) Descriptive and predictive validity of a high-risk alcoholism relapse model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 54, 645-651.
|
[19]
|
Marlatt, G.A. and Gordon, J.R. (1985). Relapse prevention. Guilford Press, New York.
|
[20]
|
Rychtarik, R.G., Prue, D.M., Rapp, S.R. and King, A.C. (1992) Self-efficacy, aftercare, and relapse in a treatment program for alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 53, 435-440.
|
[21]
|
Cunningham, J.A. (1999) Resolving alcohol-related problems with and without treatment: the effects of different problem criteria. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 60, 463-466.
|
[22]
|
Moyer, A. and Finney, J.W. (2002) Outcomes for untreated individuals involved in randomized trials of alcohol treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23, 247-252. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(02)00264-7
|
[23]
|
Kuria, M.W., Ndetei, D.M., Obot, S., Khasakhala, L.I., Bagaka, B.M., Mbugua, M.N. and Kamau, J. (2012) The association between alcohol dependence and depression. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 482802.
|
[24]
|
Moos, R. and Moos, B. (2006) Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 101, 212-222.
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01310.x PMid:16445550
|
[25]
|
Moos, R., Cronkite, R., Finney, J. and Palo Alto, C.A. (1992) Health and daily living form manual. Mind Garden.
|
[26]
|
McLellan, A.T., Alterman, A.I., Metzger, D.S., Grissom, G.R., Woody, G.E. and Luborsky, L. (1994) Similarity of outcome predictors across opiate, cocaine, and alcohol treatments: Role of treatment services. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1141-1158.
|
[27]
|
Booth, B.M., Curran, G.M. and Han, X. (2004) Predictors of short-term course of drinking in untreated rural and urban at-risk drinkers: effects of gender, illegal drug use, and psychiatric co-morbidity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 65, 63-73.
|
[28]
|
Finney, J., Moos, R. and Timko, C. (1999) The course of treated and untreated substance use disorders: Remission and resolution, relapse and mortality. Addictions, 30-49.
|
[29]
|
Jin, H., Rourke, S.B., Patterson, T.L., Taylor, M.J. and Grant, I. (1998) Predictors of relapse in long-term abstinent alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 59, 640-646.
|
[30]
|
Ebell, M.H. (2006) Benzodiazipine for alcohol withdrawal. American Family Physician, 73, 1191.
|
[31]
|
Malcolm, R., Myrick, H., Roberts, J., Wang, W., Anton, R.F. and Ballenger, J.C. (2002) The effects of carbamazepine and lorazepam on single versus multiple previous alcohol withdrawals in an outpatient randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 349-355.
doi:10.1007/s11606-002-0038-1
|
[32]
|
Reoux, J.P., Saxon, A.J., Malte, C.A. and Sloan, K.L. (2001) Divalproex sodium in alcohol withdrawal: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1324-1329. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02354.x
|
[33]
|
Rosenthal, R.N., Perkel, C., Singh, P., Anand, O. and Miner, C.R. (1998) A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. American Journal on Addictions, 7, 189-197.
doi:10.3109/10550499808998350
|
[34]
|
Malcolm, R., Roberts, J.S., Wang, W., Myrick, H. and Anton, R.F. (2000) Multiple previous detoxifications are associated with less responsive treatment and heavier drinking during an index outpatient detoxification. Alcohol, 22, 159-164. doi:10.1016/S0741-8329(00)00114-2
|
[35]
|
Myrick, H., Brady, K.T. and Malcolm, R. (2000) Divalproex in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 26, 155-160.
doi:10.1081/ADA-100100597
|
[36]
|
Holbrook, A.M., Crowther, R., Lotter, A., Cheng, C. and King, D. (1999) Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ, 160, 649-655.
|
[37]
|
Mayo Smith, M.F. (1997) Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal: A meta-analysis and evidencebased practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA, 278, 144-151.
doi:10.1001/jama. 278.2.144
|
[38]
|
Malcolm, R., Myrick, H., Brady, K.T. and Ballenger, J.C. (2001) Update on anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. American Journal on Addictions, 10, 16-23.
|
[39]
|
Ndetei, D.M. (2007) Baseline study: The mental health situation in kangemi informal settlement Nairobi-Kenya. http://www.basicneeds.org.uk
|
[40]
|
Reinert, D.F. and Allen, J.P. (2007) The alcohol use disorders identification test: An update of research findings alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 185-199. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x
|
[41]
|
Edwards, S.H., Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Poznyak, V. and Monteiro, M. (2003) The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Guidelines for use in primary care (Draft Version 1.1 for Field Testing). World Health Organization, Geneva.
|
[42]
|
Newcombe (2005) Validation of the World Health Organization. Alcohol, Smoking and Substances Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Report of the results from the Australian site. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 217-226. doi:10.1080/09595230500170266
|
[43]
|
World Health Organization (2004) Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. Geneva.
|
[44]
|
Bouza (2004) Alcohol misuse and withdrawal screening and intervention guideline: Adults, group health cooperative. www.ghc.org/all-sites/guidelines/alcohol
|
[45]
|
Jarvis, T.J. (1992) Implications of gender for alcohol treatment research a quantitative and qualitative review. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 1249-1261.
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02734.x
|
[46]
|
Ornstein, P. and Cherepon, J.A. (1985) Demographic variables as predictors of alcoholism treatment outcome. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 46, 425-432.
|
[47]
|
Anton, R.F., O’Malley, S.S., Ciraulo, D.A., Cisler, R.A., Couper, D. and Donovan, D.M. (2006). Combine Study Research Group: Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: The Combine study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 295, 2003-2017. doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2003
|
[48]
|
Moser, A.E. and Annis, H.M. (1996) The role of coping in relapse crisis outcome: A prospective study of treated alcoholics. Addiction, 91, 1101-113.
doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91811013.x
|
[49]
|
Bottlender, M. and Soyka, M. (2005) Outpatient alcohollism treatment: Predictors of outcome after 3 years. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 80, 83-89.
doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.03.011
|
[50]
|
Anton, R.F., O’Malley, S.S., Ciraulo, D.A., Cisler, R.A., Couper, D. and Donovan, D.M. (2006) Combine Study Research Group: Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: The Combine study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 295, 2003-2017. doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2003
|
[51]
|
Grella, C.E., Polinsky, M.L., Hser, Y.L. and Perry, S.M. (1995) Characteristics of women-only and mixed-gender drug abuse treatment programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17, 37-44.
doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00045-2
|
[52]
|
Sigmon, S.T., Stanton, A.L. and Snyder, C.R. (1995) Gender differences in coping: A further result of socialization and role constraint theories. Sex Roles, 33, 565-587. doi:10.1007/BF01547718
|
[53]
|
McKay, J.R., Lynch, K.G., Pettinatti, H.M. and Shepard, D.S. (2003) An examination of potential sex and race effects in a study of continuing care for alcoholand cocaine dependent patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27,1321-1323.
doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000080347.11949.B7
|
[54]
|
Foster, J.H., Peters, T.J. and Marshall, E.J. (2000) Quality of life measures and outcome in alcohol-dependent men and women. Alcohol, 22, 45-52.
doi:10.1016/S0741-8329(00)00102-6
|
[55]
|
Chou, S.P. and Dawson, D.A. (1994) A study of the gender differences in morbidity among individuals diagnosed with alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 381-392.
doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(94)90306-9
|
[56]
|
Bischof, G., Rumpf, H.J., Hapke, U., Meyer, C. and John, U. (2001) Factors influencing remission from alcohol dependence without formal help in a representative population sample. Addiction, 96, 1327-1336.
doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.969132712.x
|
[57]
|
Humphreys, K., Mankowski, E.S., Moos, R.H. and Finney, J.W. (1999) Do enhanced friendship networks and active coping mediate the effect of self-help groups on substance abuse? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 54-60.
|