Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in Some Households Engaged in Livestock Farming in Some Parts of Zaria, Nigeria

Grace Onyukwo Abakpa, Veronica Jallath Umoh, Joseph Baba Ameh

Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.31020                

Abstract

The study was designed to determine the presence of Vibrio cholerae from the environment in close proximity with livestock in Zaria,Kadunastate. Three hundred and thirty six environmental samples comprising soil, water, manure and vegetables were collected from some selected households inZariacoveringZariacity, Sabo and Samaru from April to October 2006 and analyzed for the presence of Vibrio cholerae, one of the etiologic agent of gastroenteritis. Twelve Vibrios exhibiting characteristics of Vibrio cholerae were identified using biochemical techniques. Serological identification confirmed 5 (41.7%) of these isolates as Vibrio, 1 (20%) as Vibrio serogroup O1, Ogawa biotype. A 0.59% prevalence was obtained for this pathogen in the study. The 0.59% isolation rate though low is significant considering it’s source being animal, since livestock keeping is a common feature in the study location, with animals living in close proximity to man this work is imperative. Animals are a point source of contamination of enteric pathogens, therefore extensive management system and proper treatment of animal manure is recommended before its use as fertilizer.

Keywords

Vibrio cholerae; Livestock and Animal Manure

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	M. K. Estes, “Introduction,” In: D. Chadwick and J. A. Goode, Eds, Gastroenteritis Viruses. Novartis Foundation Symposium 238, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, 2001, pp. 1-4.
[2]	O. C. Stine, L. Tang, A. Aydanian, G. J. Morris and J. A. Johnson, “Genetic Diversity of O-Antigen Biosynthesis Regions in Vibrio cholerae,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 77, No. 7, 2011, pp. 2247-2253.
[3]	N. Binsztein, M. C. Costagaliola, M. Pichel, V. Jurquiza, F. C. Ramirez, R. Akselman, M. Vacchino, A. Huq and R. Colwell, “Viable but Non Culturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in the Aquatic Environment of Argentina,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 12, 2004, pp. 7481-7486.
[4]	World Health Organization, “Cholerae,” Weekly Epidemiological Records, No. 82, 2006, pp. 273-284.
[5]	C. C. Thompson, F. L. Thompson, H. Vandemeulebroecke, B. P. Dawyndt and J. Swings, “Use of rec A as an Alternative Phylogenetic Marker in the Family Vibrionaceae,” International Journal of Systematic Evolution Microbiology, No. 54, 2004, pp. 919-924.
[6]	E. G. Ruby, M. Urbanowski, J. Campbell, A. Dunn, M. Faini, R. Gunsalus, P. Lostroh, C. Lupp, J. McCann, D. Millikan, A. Schaefer, E. Stabb, A. Stevens, K. Visick, C. Whistler and E. P. Greenberg, “Complete Genome Sequence of Vibrio fischeri: A Symbolic Bacterium with Pathogenic Congeners,” Proceedings of National Academy of Science, No. 102, 2005, pp. 3004-3009.
[7]	K. Makino, K. Oshima, K. Kurokawa, T. Uda, K. Tagomori, L. Y. Najima, M. Nakano, M. Yamashita, A. Kubota, Y. Kimura, S. Yasunaga, T. Honda, T. Shinagawa, H. M. Hattori and T. Lida, “Genome Sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A Pathogenic Mechanism Distinct from That of Vibrio cholerae,” Lancet, No. 361, 2003, pp. 743-749.
[8]	M. Dziejman, “Comparative Genome Analysis of Vibrio cholerae: Genes That Correlate with Cholera Endemic and Pandemic Disease,” Proceedings of National Academy of Science, Vol. 99, No. 3, 2002, pp. 1556-1561.
[9]	D. Wang, X. Xu, X. Deng, C. Chen, B. Li, H. Tan, H. Wang, S. Tang, H. Qiu, J. Chen, B. C. Ke and B. Kan, “Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in Environmental Water Samples by Immunofluorescent-Aggregation Assay,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, No. 76, 2010, pp. 5520-5525.
[10]	B. B. Pal, H. K. Khuntia, S. K. Samal, S. K. Kar and B. Patnaik, “Epidemics of Severe Cholera Cause by El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Possessing the ctxB Gene of the Classical Biotype in Orissa, India,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 14, No. 5, 2010, pp. e384-e389.
[11]	K. B. Prasanta, B. Poulami, K. H. Tapas, T. Ramamurthy, S. Pradipta, M. Mrinmoyee, C. Goutam and C. D. Suresh, “Putative Virulence Traits and Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Isolates from Surface Waters in Kolkata, India,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 18, 2008, pp. 5635-5644.
[12]	Y. Danin-Poleg, L. A. Cohen, H. Gancz, Y. Y. Broza, H. Goldsmidt, E. Malul, L. Valinsky, L. Lerner, M. Broza and Y. Kashi, “Vibrio cholerae Strain Typing and Phylogeny Study Based on Simple Sequence Repeats,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2007, pp. 736-746.
[13]	G. B. Nair, “Spread of Vibrio cholerae O 139 Bengal in India,” Journal of Infectious Disease, Vol. 169, No. 5, 1994, pp.1029-1034.
[14]	S. O. Opajobi, Y. T. Kandakai-Olukemi, J. D. Mawak, M. A. Olukemi and C. S. S. Bello, “Vibrio cholerae O1 Infections in Jos, Nigeria,” African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2004, pp. 260-264.
[15]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly through Food-10 States, 2009,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 59, No. 14, 2010, pp. 418-422.
[16]	I. N. G. Rivera, J. Chun, A. Huq, R. B. Sack and R. R. Colwell, “Genotypes Associated with Virulence in Environmental Isolates of Vibrio cholerae,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 67, No. 6, 2001, pp. 2421-2429.
[17]	American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water,” 18th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 1992.
[18]	M. S. Islam, M. J. Alam and P. K. B. Neogi, “Seasonality and Toxicity of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Isolated from Different Components of Pond Ecosystem of Dhaka City, Bangladesh,” World Microbiology and Biotechnology, No. 8, 1992, pp. 160-163.
[19]	J. G. Collee, A. G. Fraser, B. P. Marmion and A. Simmons and M. Mackie, “Practical Medical Microbiology,” 14th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 2008.
[20]	J. J. Farmer and B. R. Davis, “Escherichia coli O157:H7 Associated with Haemorrhagic Colitis,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, No. 22, 1985, pp. 620-625.
[21]	T. Popvic, I. Patricia, I. Fields, O. Olsvik, G. Wells, M. Gracia, N. Daniel, J. J. Farmer, A. Cheryl, K. Bopp, T. Nair, J. Shimada and C. Feley, “Molecular Subtyping of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 Causing Epidemic Cholera in India and Bangladesh,” Journal of Infectious Disease, Vol. 171, No. 1, 1995, pp. 122-127.
[22]	K. Ohotomo, V. Kobayashi, A. Sumi and N. Ohotomo, “Relationship of Cholera Incidence to El Nino and Solar Activity Elucidated by Time-Series Analysis,” Epidemiology and Infection, Vol. 138, No. 1, 2010, pp. 99-107.
[23]	“Uptake on Cholera in Nigeria,” Nigerian Bulletin of Epidemiology, No. 1, 1991, pp. 22-24.
[24]	W. Philip, L. Loise, M. Mcfarland, H. Barbara, N. Peltier, R. Henry, B. Bradford, L. Joy, D. Herndon, F. Stroup, B. Joyce, P. Mathison, A. Blake and A. G. Robert, “Vibrio Gastroenteritis in Louisiana: A Prospective Study among Attendees of a Scientific Congress in New Orleans,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 160, No. 6, 1989, pp. 978-981.
[25]	R. R. Colwell and A. Huq, “Vibrios in the Environment: Viable but Non-Culturable Vibrio cholerae,” In: I. K. Waschsuth, P. A. Blake and O. Olsvik, Eds., Vibrio cholerae and cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives, Washington DC, 1994, pp. 117-133.
[26]	J. A. Moore, J. D. Smyth, E. S. Baker, J. R. Miner and D. C. Moffit, “Modeling Bacteria Movement in livestock Manure Systems,” Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1989, pp. 1049-1053.
[27]	W. H. Ewing and B. R. Davis, “Medium and Tests for Differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae,” US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control, New York, 2010.
[28]	O. C. Stine, M. Alam, L. Tang, G. B. Nair, K. Siddique, S. M. Faruque, A. Huq, R. Colwell, B. R. Sack and J. G. Morris, “Seasonal Cholera from Multiple Small Outbreaks, Rural Bangladesh,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 14, No. 5, 2008, pp. 831-833.