Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. Behavioral neuroscience as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In philosophy, people like René Descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. Descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. This theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in Paris.

In the present book, twelve typical literatures about behavioral and brain science published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on behavioral activation system, normative behavior, brain lateralization, mobile brain imaging and brain ischemia, etc. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in behavioral neuroscience as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.