Quantum Mechanics Foundation in Dual 4-Dimensional Space-Time —Space-Time Origins of Quantum Probability

This book “Foundation of quantum mechanics in Dual 4-dimension space-time——The spacetime origin of quantum probability,” is a new exploration discussing the physical foundations of quantum mechanics. It contains two parts. One is the interactive realism, the other is the quantum mechanical description of the dual-4 dimensional spacetime. The first one is the philosophical basis of the second. The author thought that the conventional mass-point model is no long proper for the microscopic quantum world. The author used the movement of the rotating matter wave sphere in complex space to deduce the de Broglie matter-wave formula, and pulled the metaphysical hypothesis of the wave function back into the real physical realism. A matte wave is the physical wave, and it has potential applications. The matter wave transfers in the dual-4 dimensional complex space-time, and the complex number enters the cognition domain of space-time intrinsically.


The author pointed out that, the state of a moving microscopic object is the combination of its eigen-states from quantum slicing, coherent hence; after quantum measurement, projected into the real 4-dimensional space-time and showing a probability distribution of point particles. Before and after the quantum measurement, the object is not in the same cognition level, nor the same physical space-time, and the Hilbert space is just their common math application space. The quantum measurement induces the transition of the microscopic object in space-time, manifestation, physical model, and theoretical structure, and the quantum probability comes from the space distribution of the field matter sphere, representing the transition from dual-4 complex to real 4-dimensional space-time, and the sphere to the point model. Physical phenomena, phenomenal entity, physical space-time, physical model, and theoretical structure all must consist intrinsically in logic. These are changing with the change of human cognition, embodying the unity of the human being and the nature.


Dual-4 dimensional space-time quantum mechanics gives the wave function the physical realism. So, the concepts of the quantum entanglement, quantum communication and quantum teleportation all may be clarified and understood physically. The book is self-consistent with detailed justification, wherein the interactive realism concept is a new innovation.

Components of the Book:
  • FRONT MATTER
  • Chapter 1. Introduction
    • 1.1. The Outstanding Fundamental Problems in Quantum Mechanics
    • 1.2. Interactive Realism
    • 1.3. Several Common Interpretations of Wavefunction in Quantum Mechanics [2]
    • 1.4. The Dual 4-Dimensional Space-Time Quantum Mechanical Description
    • 1.5. Eigenstate and Quantum Measurement in the Quantum Mechanical Description of the Double 4-Dimensional Complex Space-Time
    • 1.6. Prospect
  • Chapter 2. Wave-Particle Duality
    • 2.1. Wave-Particle Duality of Photons and Electrons
    • 2.2. Experimental Conditions to Observe the Wave Character of a Macroscopic Object
    • 2.3. Mass-Point Model and Wave Model
    • 2.4. Several Theories of Electrons through the Double-Slit
    • 2.5. Hypotheses of Physical Models for the Particle-Wave Dualism of Microscopic Objects in Quantum Mechanics
    • 2.6. Criticism to the Mass Point Model from Scientists
    • 2.7. Definition of a Wave, Its Generalization and Understanding
    • 2.8. A Wave Packet and a Particle
    • 2.9. Quantum Measurement
    • 2.10. The Uncertainty Principle in Dual 4-Dimensional Space-Time Quantum Mechanics
  • Chapter 3. Quantum Mechanics in Dual-Four-Dimensional Complex Space-Time
    • 3.1. Introduction
    • 3.2. Physical Concepts
    • 3.3. Geometry of a Micro-Object
    • 3.4. Matter-Wave and Phase Space
    • 3.5. Phase Space of Wave Function
    • 3.6. The Dual-Four-Dimension Complex Phase Space
    • 3.7. The Matter-Wave Differential Function
    • 3.8. The Relationship of Wave Function ψ (x,k ) , Probability Distribution Function ψ (x) , and Field Matter Distribution Function ϕ (k )
    • 3.9. Experiments Evidence for Field Matter Sphere
    • 3.10. Discussion and Conclusion
  • Chapter 4. Gauge Transformation in Dual-Four-Dimensional Space-Time
    • 4.1. Introduction
    • 4.2. The Relation between the Extrinsic Time, Space in Mass Point Model and the Intrinsic Time Space Structure of the Object Itself
    • 4.3. The Characteristic of Space-Time and Analysis of the Inertia System in Quantum Mechanics
    • 4.4. Analysis of the Non-Inertial System in Quantum Mechanics
    • 4.5. Analysis of Yang-Mills Gauge Field and Physical Significance of the Gauge Transformation
    • 4.6. DE Broglie-Schrodinger Matter-Wave (Field Expression ψ) and the Gauge Transformation
    • 4.7. Discussion of the Gravitational Field and Gauge Transformation
    • 4.8. Conclusion and Discussion
  • Chapter 5. Quantum Measurement in Dual-Four-Dimensional Space-Time Quantum Mechanics
    • 5.1. The Preparation of Pure State and Mixture State and U-R Process in Quantum Measurement
    • 5.2. General Expression of Quantum Measurement
    • 5.3. Discussion about Double-Slit Experiment in Quantum Mechanics
    • 5.4. New Analysis on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-Delayed Choice Experiment
    • 5.5. Schrodinger’s Cat and the EPR Ideal Experiment
    • 5.6. The Reconsideration of Quantum De-Coherence
  • Chapter 6. Dual-Four-Dimensional Quantum Mechanism
    • 6.1. Introduction
    • 6.2. Electron Spin and Spin Wave Function Hypothesis in Quantum Mechanics
    • 6.3. Wave Function ψ0, ψ and Dirac Wave Function Bα, ψ in Dual Four-Dimensional Space-Time Quantum Mechanics
    • 6.4. Calculation of Electron Spin in Dual Four-Dimensional Space-Time
    • 6.5. Spin Magnetic Moment μs
    • 6.6. Conclusion and Discussion
Readership: The book is for those undergraduates, postgraduates and Ph. D candidates, major in physics, theoretical physics and philosophy of science etc, also a valuable reference for researchers or teachers majoring or interested in these areas.
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FRONT MATTER
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (1003 KB)
9
Chapter 1. Introduction
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (338 KB)
34
Chapter 2. Wave-Particle Duality
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (271 KB)
59
Chapter 3. Quantum Mechanics in Dual-Four-Dimensional Complex Space-Time
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (375 KB)
83
Chapter 4. Gauge Transformation in Dual-Four-Dimensional Space-Time
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (375 KB)
120
Chapter 5. Quantum Measurement in Dual-Four-Dimensional Space-Time Quantum Mechanics
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (557 KB)
161
Chapter 6. Dual-Four-Dimensional Quantum Mechanism
Zhao Guoqiu
PDF (898 KB)
Guoqiu Zhao

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